week 9 nutrient acquisition perception Flashcards
1
Q
what are the two types of receptors
A
- recpetors for localized within organs
-receptors over a large part of the body
2
Q
somatic senses types and where are they
A
- located in skin, joints, muscles
touch, pressure, proprioception, temp, pain
3
Q
viceral senses + examples (2) and where?
A
internal organs
pain +pressure
4
Q
what is propioception
A
somatic sense, where our body is in space
5
Q
where are specific senses and what are some examples
A
in specific organs
- smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance
6
Q
what is sensation
A
process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors
7
Q
what is perception
A
Conscious awareness of stimuli
8
Q
5 sensory receptors
A
- mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
3.photoreceptors - thermorerecpetors
5.Nociceptors
9
Q
what are mechanoreceptors
A
mechanical stimuli, bending or stretching
10
Q
what are chemoreceptors
A
- chemical stimuli, ordor moelcules to percieve smell
11
Q
what are photoreceptors
A
light stimuli
12
Q
what are thermorerecptors
A
tempature change stimuli
13
Q
what are nociceptors
A
pain stimuli
14
Q
pain sensation can be percieved as
A
- localized - sharp or cutting pain
- diffuse - burning or aching pain
15
Q
localized pain recpetion has _____________ action potentials
A
rapid
16
Q
diffuse pain sensation has _________action potentials
A
slow
17
Q
what is referred pain
A
the perception of pain in other region of body (when we feel pain somewhere else eg: heart causes shoulder to hurt)
18
Q
what is local anesthesia how does it work
A
supression of pain sensation by blocking action potentials from pain receptors through admin chemicals locally - creams, denstist
19
Q
what is general anesthesia how does it work
A
- loss of consciousness to suppress pain senstaion
- affect reticular system
used in surgery
20
Q
what is olfaction
A
smell sensation
21
Q
how do we smell stuff
A
odorant molecules dissolve in mucus and bind to olfactory receptors on the epithelial cells in the nasal cavity
22
Q
what is adaptation of smell
A
when oderant binds, the receptor is desensitized, we will no longer percieve that smell
23
Q
what are paillae
A
bumps that contain taste buds
24
Q
what are the 5 categories of taste
A
- sour
- salty
- bitter
- sweet
- umami
25
what are taste hairs + function
interact with nerve fiber and transmit signal and help bring in molecules
26
what is the conjuctive of the eye
mucus that surrounds eye
27
what do the orbicularius oculi muscles
muscles that allow you to blink
28
what does the lacrimal gland + ducts do
produces tears in the eye
28
rectus muscles function
allow for movement of the eye
29
how can does eye movement occur
the contracting and relaxing of muscles in the eye (lateral and superior rectus)
30
what are the three types of tunics
fibrous
vascular
nervous
31
what does the fibrous tunic do
connective tissue
32
what is the vascular tunic
has blood vessels (choroid), iris and ciliary muscles
33
what is the nervous tunic
pigmented retina (aborbs light), sensory retina (photoreceptors and interneurons)
34
what is the vitreous humour
liquid in the eye
35
what are the two parts of ciliary body and function
cilary muscle and processes, surround lense and modify its shape to help focus light to back of the eye
36
what type of muscle constrict and dilate your pupils
smooth muscles
37
what is refraction
bending of light
38
how is the eye able to focus
ciliary muscles control lens
refraction of light rays
cornea - convex strcuture - converges light image
lens- fine adjustments of shape and allows image to focus on retina
39
what is pigmentented retina
absorbs light after it is passed through photo receptors
40
action potentials in the eye move from the ____________ in a forward direction
back
41
what are rods
very sensitive and help us see in very dim light, numerous
42
what are cones
help us see and percieve colour vision
blue, green and red
43
what are interneurons
- recieve action potential signals and are involved in processing and sends action potentials
- regulate and relay changes in photo receptor activity
44
what is the name of the nerve at the back of the eye and what doe it do
optic nerve
- collects action potentials
45
what is the general makeup of rods and cones
outer segment
inner segment
nuclei
axon
synaptic ending
46
rhodopsin molecules where are they located
in both cones and rods and are present within the disks of the membrane
47
how light stimulates an action potential in a photoreceptive cell
1️⃣ Light hits rhodopsin in the eye.
2️⃣ Retinal changes shape (11-cis → all-trans).
3️⃣ Signal sent to brain (via action potential).
4️⃣ Retinal resets with ATP → Rhodopsin reforms.
48
what are longer wavelengths
microwaves, radar waves, radio, waves we cant see
49
what are short waves
waves we can see like light or colour
50
what is infra red light
heat waves that are emulated
51
why do we have different number of wave lengths for different colours
help to stimuluate specific cones in the eyes, red= most (700 nanometers) blue=least(400 nanometers)
52
what is monocular vision
what u can see with only one eye
53
what is binocular vision
what you can see for both eyes
very important for depth of field
54
carnivores have a larger what vision?
binocular vision for depth perception
55
herrbiovores have larger ___________ vision
monocular vision
- larger field of view
- allow to see animals hunting them better
56
what is in the external ear
auricle
external auditory canal
57
what does the auricale
outer ear that brings sound waves into the external auditory canal
58
what is the tympanic membrane
drumskin that virbates from sound waves and stimulates the auditory ossicles in the middle ear
59
what are the three auditory ossicles and what do they do
1. malleus
2. incus
3. stapes
movement of tympanic membrane causes them to move and they interact with inner ear with the oval window makig fluid waves
60
what do fluid waves do in the ear
stimulate specific receptors that stimulate a signal to the CNS giving the sense of sound
61
what are the 7 steps of hearing
1. sound waves captured by auricle into external auditory canal to impact the tympanic membrane
2. Movement of ossicles in middle ear moves oval window
3. creates waves in the perilymph fluid
4. waves into the scala vestibuli compartment of inner ear, these movements displace vestibular membrane
5. vibrations in fluid in the cochlear duct displace the basilar membrane
6. stimulates action potential in hair cells
7. fluid wave dissipated through round window
62
what do perilymph movements displace and cause
the vestibular membrane and cause vibrations in the endolymph fluid in the cochlear duct, displacing the basilar membrane
63
what does movement of basilar membrane do
separates it from the immoveable tectorial membrane
64
what do microvilli in hair cells between the basilar and tectorial membrane do
stimulate action potentials down the cochlear nerve
65
what does the round window do
dampens the sound wave after it enters the oval window
66
high pitch waves displace the basilar membrane where
closer to the oval window (short wave lengths)
67
low pitch wave lengths reach where
further away from the oval window they displace the basilar membrane
68
what structure is reponsible for balance
the vestibule in the inner ear
69
what is static equilibrium
the position of head relative to gravity
70
how do we maintain static equilibrium
hair cells are depressed in the vestibule
gelatinous mass on top, otoliths
when we move our head the weight of the otoliths pull on the gelatinous mass relative to gravity and nerve fibers signal the cns the moveemnt of the head
71
what are otoliths
in the vestibule put weight on the gelatinous mass allowing for static equilibrium
72
what structure manages our balance
semicircular canals of the inner ear
73
what is dynamic equilibrium
changes in direction and rate of head movement
74
what is the cristae ampullaris and function
dynamic equilibrium
- the semicircular canals move with our body
- cupula move in opposite direction
this stimulates a nerve signal telling us about the movement of the body
75
what does continuous stimulus cause
can cause motion sickness,
76
- eye deseases in slides
