week 11 respiratory system

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

diffusion of gases across the cell membranesw

Question 2

what is ventilation

Answer 2

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 3

what is eternal respiration

Answer 3

movement between atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli

Question 4

what is the internal respiration

Answer 4

movement between blood and body cells

Question 5

what is cellular respiration

Answer 5

synthesis of ATP aerobically within the body cells, utlizings oxygen and producing co2

Question 6

what are some of the structures of the respiratory system 6

Answer 6

1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. lungs

Question 7

whats the smallest air passageway in the lungs

Answer 7

the bronchiole

Question 8

what is the bigger air passage way in the lungs

Answer 8

the bronchus

Question 9

at a single alveolus how does gas exchange occur

Answer 9

respirtory membrane is very thin which allows for gas exchange to occur and the concentration gradient

Question 10

how does partial pressure impact lung exchange

Answer 10

partial pressure of oxyegn in the lungs is higher so it flows into blood and partial pressure of co2 is high in blood so it diffuses out

Question 11

molecules move from areas of ______ pressure to areas of ______ pressure

Answer 11

high
low

Question 12

what is boyles law

Answer 12

the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Question 13

how do the respirtory muscles change lung volume

Answer 13

• expand and create more volume = low pressure
  -relax and decrease volumne = high pressure

Question 14

how does ventilation occur in the alveoli

Answer 14

1. alveolar pressure = atmosphere
2. air moves in and alveolar pressure is less than atmosphere from diaphram contract
3. no movement = alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure
4. diaphragm relaxes - air moves out, alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

Question 15

what is the pleural lining

Answer 15

lining of the lungs, pulls the chest cavity out to allow for expansion and compression

Question 16

what is pneumothorax

Answer 16

a punctured lung
- the plural cavity fills up with pressure and the lung will collapse
- movies where doctor stabs patient with pen so they can breath

Question 17

what is tidal volumne give number

Answer 17

volumne of quiet breathing
500ml

Question 18

expiratory reserve volume #

Answer 18

air forcefully expired after normal breath 1100ml

Question 19

residual volume

Answer 19

air remaining after forced exhalation
1200ml

Question 20

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration
3000ml

Question 21

inspiratory capacity

Answer 21

tidal volume plus inpiratory reserve volumne

Question 22

vital capacity

Answer 22

inspiratory capacity plus expiratory reserve

Question 23

functional residual capacity

Answer 23

expiratory reserve pluss residual

Question 24

total lung capacity

Answer 24

all volumnes

Question 25

alveolar ventilation

Answer 25

portion of air available for gas exchange

Question 26

anatomical dead space

Answer 26

portion of breath that does not reach alvoli and not involved from gas exchange

Question 27

what is physiological dead space

Answer 27

includes volume of any alveoli with low gas exchange

Question 28

the pressure of a gas in a gas mixture is dependent on

Answer 28

1) the total barametric pressure 2. the fractional concentration of that gas

Question 29

what is the main 2 components of air around is

Answer 29

oxygen and nitrogen

Question 30

at sea level what is the dry ambient atmospheric air

Answer 30

760 mm Hg - both oxygen and nitrogen

Question 31

what is barometric pressure

Answer 31

the combination of the pressure of gases in the atmosphere

Question 32

why is there less air at higher atitude

Answer 32

there is less density of molecules in the air, space inbetween the molecules increases and barometric pressure goes down

Question 33

steps of gas exchange pulomnary system

Answer 33

1. inspired air enters - (c02 moves into alveoli) oxyegn enters 2. expiration - we reach equilibrium of partial pressures here 3. blood returns to heart via pulmonary viens 4.

Question 34

steps of gas exchange - systemic circulation

Answer 34

1. at tissues 02 diffuses out blood and co2 diffuses into the blood from the tissue cells (through interstitial fluid) 2. once at equilibrium the gases stop diffusing and blood returns to the heart then lungs

Question 35

how is co2 transported in circulation

Answer 35

1. 7% is disolved in plasma 2. 93% into the red blood cells 2.a bound to hemoglobin 2.b converted to HCO3 70%

Question 36

what specifically allows for the gas exchange of co2 and o2

Answer 36

the concentration gradient

Question 37

where does co2 come from in rbc

Answer 37

bicarbonate Hco3

Question 38

what does oxygen dissociate from at the tissue cells and where does it go

Answer 38

hemoglobin and into the tissue cells

Question 39

what occurs when blood ph increases

Answer 39

cause by decreaase in blood co2 - results in decrease in breathing which decreases the blood co2

Question 40

what happens when blood ph decreases

Answer 40

caused by increase in blood c02 increased breathing decreases blood c02 blood ph increases

Question 41

what are the factors that regulate breathing

Answer 41

1. pons - regularion of breathing (emotions) 2. medullary chemo receptors - main regulators (ph and co2 levels) 3. carotid and aoric body chemoreceptors (ph and c02) 4. stretch receptors in lungs 5. proprioceptors in muscles and joints 6. touch receptors

Question 42

what happens when we hold our breath

Answer 42

build up of carbon of dioxide until reaches stimulus to breath - decrease in Pa oxygen - and pa co2 increases 50 mm of paco2 causes breath

Question 43

how to hold your breath for longer

Answer 43

prior hyperventilation allows for co2 to exit and then you can hold your breath for much longer (CO2 does not stimulate breathing)