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BPK 105 My que cards > BPK 105 Nutrient Acquisition week 8 > Flashcards

BPK 105 Nutrient Acquisition week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main structures of the digestion system

A

pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine rectum

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2
Q

what are the supporting structures of the digestion system 4

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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3
Q

5 primary functions of digestive system

A
  1. ingestion (mastication)(chewing)
  2. propulsion and mixing (moving through system)
  3. digestion and secretion
  4. absorption
  5. elimination
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4
Q

4 major layers of the Gastrointestinal GI tract

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
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5
Q

what is the mucosa layer

A

1st layer in the GI tract
has a mucous membrane that protects from the acid within the stomach

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6
Q

what is the epithelium layer

A
  • specialized for specific functions through the digestion system, specialized in the mucosa layer to allow specialized functions
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7
Q

what is muscular mucosae

A

the muscle layer in the mucosa
involved in the mixing of food

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8
Q

what is the submucosa

A

has glands that secrete acids or enzymes (2nd layer of gi)

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9
Q

what does the enteric plexus do

A
  • nerve components of GI tract that regulate activity
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10
Q

what is the Muscularis layer of gi

A
  • circular and longitudinal layers
  • help to mix and move food forward
    (stomach grumble)
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11
Q

what is the serosa layer

A

contains the GI tract and maintains the structural integritiy of the gastrointestinal system

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12
Q

what is deglutition

A

swallowing

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13
Q

what are the 3 phases of deglutition

A
  1. voluntary phase
  2. pharyngeal phase -
  3. esophageal phase
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14
Q

what is the voluntary phase (GI)

A
  • push food to back of mouth (touches soft palet)
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15
Q

what is the pharyngeal phase

A

the soft palate elevates, closing of epiglotis, contriction of pharyngeal constrictors and upper esophagelal relaxes

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16
Q

what does the epiglotis do

A

ensures airways are blocked off when eating

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17
Q

what is the esophageal phase

A

peristalsis of esophagus (wave of contraction)

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18
Q

how does peristalsis occur

A

there is a way of relaxtion before the food and then a way of contraction after the (bolus) food

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19
Q

what is screted by oral cavity and its function

A

saliva
moistens food and removes bacterial
digestion of carbs through enzymes

mucus
lubrication

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20
Q

4 what is secreted by the stomach and function

A
  1. HCL - antibacterial and decreases stomach ph
  2. Pepsin - digest proteins
  3. Mucus - protects lining from acid
  4. intrinsic factor - binds to vitamin b12 and helps absoprtion
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21
Q

what is secreted by the liver and function

A

bile
these salts emulsify lipids, making them into lipases and these are better sizes for absorption

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22
Q

what does the pancreas secrete

A

many enzymes that help to digest proteins, carbs, lipids, cholesteryl esters, ribonucleic acid etc

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23
Q

what does the small intestine secrete

A

mucus
peptidases - split poly peptides
enterokinase - activates tyripsyn
carb break down enzymes
lactase

24
Q

what doe the large intestine secrete

A

mucus
- protects and helps keep fecal matter together and moving forward

25
what is pyloric sphincter
closes off the gi off through contraction of muscles, restricts movement of food into the small intestine if it is not liquid/ small enough
26
what is the gastric glands
glands in the stomach that line gastric pits that are linded with cells that produce mucus, acids enzymes that move into the stomach
27
what is gastrin
the hormone that comes from gastric glands and stimulates secretion from glands in the anticipation of food
28
what is secretin
hormone released in duodenum (small intestine) - decrease the gastric secretions (stomach activity) - so food enters the small intestine slowly - increases pancreatic and bile secretions into small intestine - bicarbonate helps regulate ph
29
what is cholecystokinin
hormone in the duodenum -slows gastric mobility and stomach activity increases gallbladder contractions and pancreatic enzymes
30
three phases of digestion
cephalic gastric intestinal
31
what is occurs in the cephalic phase
smell see food stimulate hypothalmus and medulla and nerves sent to stomach gastrin and histamine secretion
32
what occurs in the gastric phase
- food enters stomach - expansion of stomach -stimulation of more secretions - reflexs - more mucus, pepsinigin and hcl - until chyme is prepared enough
33
explain the process of the preparation of chyme
mixing waves of contraction move and mix components of food - mix until it is liquid enough to go through the pyloric sphincter -peristaltic waves push against sphincter and then pushes liquid into duodenum
34
what occurs in the intestinal phase
chyme enters duadenum - lipids inhibit gastric secretions - we want to slow things down in the stomach,we want small amounts of chyme enters the small intestine at a time for digestion and absorption - secretin and cholescytokinin - help to inhibit secretions
35
what is distension
expansion of stomach due to food, causes a nerve signal for secretions
36
describe the structure and function of the small intestine
1. epithelium layers, muscle layers etc 2. lining in mucosal layer have folds, finger like outward villi, this increases surface area
37
what are in the small intestine villi
capillary networks that absorb nutrients lacteals - absorption of fats
38
what are microvilli
epithelial cells have micro villi that increase surface area increase exposure of membrane bound enzymes and chyme
39
what are the functions of the liver 6
1. digestion (fats) bile 2. excretion (bile) 3. nutrient storage - pull glucose from blood and store as glycogen + fats +minerals 4. nutrient conversion (eg: amino acids to lipids or glucose) 5. detoxification of harmful chemicals 6. synthesis of new molecules - blood proteins (clotting)
40
how is bile released from the liver
bile produced by liver and stored by galbladder - nerve input to release then the release of secretin stimulates cholecytokinin and all stimulate release of bile - occurs in the intestinal phase - bile slat are reabsorbed by blood and travel back to the liver - digestion and absorption
41
what nerve stimulates the exocrine pancreas
the vagus nerve
42
what is secreted by the exocrine pancrease
bicarbonate - enzymes need a less acid ph to function carb, lipid, protein digestion enzymes
43
what are carbohydrates broken down into
monosaccarides
44
what are lipids broken down into
triglyerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
45
what are proteins broken down into
amino acids
46
how are carbs digested
1. salivary amylase enzymes break down carbs into polysaccarides 2. pancreatic amylase breaks down further 3. further in small intestine microvilli break down into monosaccarides
47
how are lipids broken down
small intestine - bile salts emulsify the lipids making them smaller and enzymes break them down epithial lining of small intestine - lipase from pancreas breaks down further
48
how are proteins broken down
stomach - acid denatures the proteins and the pepsin makes proteins into polypeptides (smaller) small intestines - polypeptides broken down to peptides epithelial lining - peptides broken down into amino acids
49
in the epithelial lining of the villus how is glucose absorbed
- moves against concentration gradient by the cotransport with na + - concentration gradient moves glucose to the capillaries by facilitated diffusion - moves to the liver
50
whats a micelle
when a bile salt surronds a fatty acid/monoglycerides
51
how are lipids absorbed in the villus
micellle formed - micelle attaches to the plasma membranes - triglycerides enter membrane - protein coat (chylomicron) is formed - exocytosis moves into interstital fluid then to lacteal through lymphatic system
52
what do chylomicron made of
triglycerides 90% phospholipid and cholesteral
53
low density lipoprotein vs high density lipoprotein
- high fat in low density - low fat in high density and high content of protein
54
how are amino acids absorbed in the villus
- amino acids - co transported with na + - facilitated diffusion out of epoithelial cell - transported by capillaries to the liver
55

BPK 105 My que cards (8 decks)

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