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BPK 105 My que cards > week 7 > Flashcards

week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is locomotion?

A

the ability to move to capture or get the nutrients we need to survive

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2
Q

what is skeletal muscle? what are the main functions?

A
  • movement of the body because of attachment to the bones
  • maintenance of posture (back legs)
  • respiration (ventilation)
    -production of body heat
  • communication (modify mouth and trachea to make sound)
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3
Q

what is a major byproduct of skeletal muscle?

A
  • body heat
    opposite - shivering to produce heat
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4
Q

the function of smooth muscle

A
  • constriction of organs and blood vessels
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5
Q

the function of the cardiac muscle

A
  • contraction of the heart
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6
Q

what attaches muscle to the bone

A

tendons

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7
Q

what surrounds the entire muscle

A

connective tissue sheaths
- surrounding bundles of fibres

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8
Q

what is the name of the bundles of muscle fibres

A

muscle fascicle

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9
Q

individual muscle cells are called

A

muscle fibers

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10
Q

how many nuclei in skeletal muscle

A

up to 100, there is alot

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11
Q

what is the cell membrane of a muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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12
Q

what is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called

A

sarcoplasm

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13
Q

what are the 4 functional properties of muscle

A
  • contractility
  • excitability
  • extensibility
    -elasticity
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14
Q

what is contractility?

A
  • the ability of a muscle to contract forcefully
  • moves bone, compresses blood vessels and increases pressure inside heart
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15
Q

what is excitability?

A

the ability to respond to a stimulus
- ap from the motor nerve stimulates contraction
- involuntary neural and hormone signals stimulate smooth and cardia muscles

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16
Q

what is extensibility

A

the ability to stretch and still be able to contract
- skeletal muscle can produce force in various joint positions
- blood vessels and organs are able to expand and contract to various lengths - depending on blood pressure

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17
Q

what is elasticity

A

the ability to recoil to the original resting length after stretch

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18
Q

what is a sarcomere

A
  • everything between 2 z disks
    1 individual unit of actin and myosin filaments
  • contain banding patterns that allow for contractions
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19
Q

what are the thin filament

A

actin

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20
Q

what are the thick filaments

A

myosin

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21
Q

what’s at the end of each sarcomere

A

a Z disk

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22
Q

which protein filament is attached to the z disk

23
Q

what is the actin filament made of

A
  1. the actin strand (has holes like bowling ball for myosin heads to attach to)
  2. the tropomyosin (the band surrounding) regulation of contraction
  3. troponin - regulation of stimulation of contraction - ca2+ BIND TOS
24
Q

what makes up the myosin head

A
  1. the myosin rods
  2. the myosin heads
25
how do myosin heads move?
bind on to actin strands and pivot which causes the movement
26
in contraction do myosin and actin filaments change length?
no the the muscle shortens by sliding the filaments past each other
27
how does the muscle contract
the actin and myosin filaments slide shortening the muscle because the. myosin heads attach to the actin - sarcomere is compressed by bringing the z lines together
28
what is the I band what happens in contraction
the region of the sarcomere that is only actin - gets smaller (outside of sarcomere)
29
what is the A band _+ what occurs in contraction
is the region defined by the myosin does not change during contraction
30
what is the H zone
only myosin - becomes smaller in contraction - very inside of sarcomere
31
what happens to the structure of the sarcomere when it is fully contract
actin ends overlap, myosin pulls them together h zone disappears I band becomes very narrow
32
what is the synapse that motor neurons transmit their signal through
neuromuscular junction
33
what is the process of the neuromuscular junction
1. ap enters presynaptic terminal and opens Ca+ channels 2. this stimulates exocytosis of vesicles 3. neurotransmitter (Ach) is released in to the synaptic cleft 4. neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma membrane 5. binding causes NA+ channel to open 6. rush of sodium into cell causes AP signal 7. breakdown of ACH - enzyme
34
what occurs because of the ap to the sarcolemma membrane?
the ap moves down the membrane changing the resting potential and opening ion channels
35
what does the T tubule do
brings the AP down deeper into the muscle cell so AP can cause contraction
36
what does calcium do in contraction because of the ap
the tropomyosin protein strands that block the actin bonding sites are moved when calcium bonds to the troponin proteins myosin heads bond and form cross bridges
37
ap change of membrane potential in muscles
1. sarcolemma membrane resting membrane is -85, NA is outside K+ is inside, 2. channels are the same as neurons, + Na+/k+ (3 sodium out, 1 potassium in) 3. ap opens sodium channels which stimulates depolarization 4. repolarization occurs and NA channels close and K+ channels open letting potassium out and the gated Na+/K+ pump
38
what maintains the negative electric potential inside the cell
proteins that are negative
39
how is ATP utilized in the cycle of the cross bridges of myosin?
Simplified Cross-Bridge Cycle (ATP + Myosin): Calcium arrives → exposes binding sites on actin. Myosin binds actin → ADP + P released. Power stroke → myosin pulls actin (movement). New ATP binds → myosin lets go of actin. ATP is broken down (ATP → ADP + P) → myosin resets to original position (recovery stroke).
40
how are adp and p present before contraction
they are attached to the heads already from the past hydrolysis of atp from the last contraction or movement
41
how do we regulate muscle force
by regulating the amount of force a muscle produces by controlling how many muscle cells are stimulated
42
what is a motor unit
a single motor neuron and the muscle fibre it innervates
43
are muscle fibres the same in a motor unit?
yes they are all the same fiber type in each unit
44
what is motor unit recruitment?
when the action potential recruits a motor unit
45
what are the three specialized muscle fibre types
SO Slow twitch oxidative (type 1) FOG Fast twitch oxidative Glycoltic FOG type 2 a FG Fast twitch Glycolytic (FG type 2b)
46
what is slow twitch oxidative fibres
have a high capacity for aerobic metabolism (using oxygen) endurance activities
47
what are fast twitch oxidative (TYpe IIa)
intermediate characteristics for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism endurance activities in endurance trained muscles
48
what are fast twitch glycolytic (FG) (Type IIb)
high capacity for anaerobic (without oxygen) force and power output
49
aerobic based exercise
endurance training
50
energy source for anaerobic excersise
partial release of energy from glucose -- fast but limited quantity - use bonds of glucose molecule
51
immediate use energy source
adenylate kinase and creatine kinase very fast but very limited quantity weight lifting
52
aerobic pathway energy source
complete energy release from glucose and fats - slow but very large quantity
53

BPK 105 My que cards (8 decks)

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