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BPK 105 My que cards > week 12 defending against infection and blood loss > Flashcards

week 12 defending against infection and blood loss Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main elements that form the blood (not plasma)

A
  1. red blood cells
  2. white blood cells
  3. platelets
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2
Q

what are the 3 main ways we prevent blood loss

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug
  3. blood clotting
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3
Q

what stimulates the mechanisms of preventing blood loss

A

chemicals that are released from damaged cells interact with elements in the blood

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4
Q

what is vascular spasm

A
  • we constrict the damaged vessel to minimize blood flow
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5
Q

what is vascular spasm stimulated by

A

chemicals released from the damaged vessel cells and platelets

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6
Q

what is a platelet plug

A

sealing a break in the blood vessel wall by a cluster of platelet cells

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7
Q

what is blood clotting

A

a clot forms to repair bigger tears or cuts in blood vessels

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8
Q

what is a clot made of

A

threaded protein fibers that trap blood cells platelets and fluid

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9
Q

what are the 3 steps of platlet plug formation

A
  1. platelet adhesion (to collagen)
  2. platelet release reaction (release chemicals to stimulate platelets around)
  3. platelet aggregation (cluster)
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10
Q

how is a blood clot formed (steps)

A
  1. chemical released
  2. clotting factors become active
  3. calcium and platlet chemicals activate prothrombinase
  4. thrombin production
  5. fibrin production (blood clot)
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11
Q

what is on the surface of red blood cells that stimulates antibody production in other indviduals

A

antigens

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12
Q

type A blood cells have what antigens and antibodies

A

type A antigens and anti-B Antibodies

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13
Q

type B blood cells have what antigens and antibodies

A

B type Antigens and anti-A antibodies

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14
Q

type Ab blood cells have what antigens and antibodies

A

both type A and type B antigens and neither antibodies

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15
Q

type O blood cells have what antigens and antibodies

A

neither antigen and have both anti A and anti B antibodies

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16
Q

what is Rh blood grouping? what are most people

A

antigens on Red blood cells , most people are Ph positive

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17
Q

how can Rh negative indivdiuals form anti Rh antibodies

A

after exposure to Rh positive blood

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18
Q

what do antibodies do

A

identify foreign antigens and stimulate an immune response against

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19
Q

what happens when the wrong blood enters your system

A

agglutination reaction occur, antibodies bind to blood and our body attacks the blood causing them to lysis, can lead to severe reaction

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20
Q

what are the structures apart of the lymphatic system

A

tonsils
lymph nodes
spleen
lympatic vessels
thymus

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21
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system

A

Maintenance of fluid balance
lipid absorption
defense

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22
Q

how does the lymphatic system maintain fluid balance

A

the fluid not reabsorbed after filtration at capillaries enter lymphatic capillaries which turns to venus blood before it enters the right atrium

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23
Q

what is the lymphatic systems role in lipid absorption

A

chylomicrons are absorbed from epithelial cells of the small intestine into the lacteals of the lymphatic system, eventual enters venus blood before right atrium

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24
Q

what are chylomicrons

A

packaged triglycerides

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25
what role does the lymphatic system play in defence
pathogens are filtered from lymph at the lymph nodes
26
what specifically destroys pathogens
lymophocytes
27
where a lymph nodes located
along lymph vessels
28
how do lymph nodes function
fluid moves through the node and interacts with lymphocytes to remove and destroy pathogens
29
can lymphocytes move? and how? and what is this process called
lymphocytes can enter the blood stream to attack pathogens, this is adaptive immunity
30
what is immunity
the ability to protect against damage from pathogens, chemical toxins or cancer cells
31
what are the two types of immunity
1. innate immunity 2. adaptive immunity
32
what is innate immunity
recognition ad destruction of pathogens - same RESPONSE EACH TIME we are exposed to the pathogen
33
what is adaptive immunity
recognition and destruction of pathogens - THE RESPONSE IMPROVES with each encounter of the pathogens
34
what are the two things adaptive immunity requires
1. specificity - the ability to recognize the particular substance 2. memory - the ability to recall previous interactions with the specific subtance
35
why is memory important in adaptive immunity
allows the body to have a rapid response to the same specific substance
36
what are the two types of adaptive immunity
1. antibody mediated immunity - B lymphocyte cells 2. cell mediated immunity - specific T lymphocytes cells
37
what are external parts of the immunity system
skin mucus
38
how do white blood cells impact innate immunity
released by one type of cell and impact area around it - these are phagocytic cells
39
what are phagocytic cells
they eat pathogens and destroy them - white blood cells example : neutrophils and macrophage
40
what are NK cells
phagocytic cell that attacks pathogens
41
what are the two forms of inlammatory responses
1. local - reddness heat and swelling, pain 2. systemic - throughout the body
42
what are the steps in the inflammatory response (5)
- bacteria enters the tissue and damage occurs 1. chemical mediators are released 2. vasodilation (increase blood flow and permability more white blood cells to the area) 3. phagocytes enter (consume bacteria) 4. fibrin isolates the infection (so bacteria doesn't spread) 5. tissue repair and recovery
43
how does fibrin isolate infection
fibrinogen and complement enter due to the enhanced permeability - fibrin isolate infection - complement attracts more phagocytes
44
what is a foreign antigen
a substance that stimulates an adaptive immune response - from outside the body often protein and polysaccharide
45
What are antigen binding sites?
Parts of a molecule (like MHC, Major Histocompatibility complex) where antigens attach to be recognized by the immune system.
46
what is major histocompatibility complex class 1
Found on most body cells. Shows internal antigens (like from viruses) to tell immune cells something might be wrong.
47
what is major histocompatibility complex class 2
MHC Class II proteins are found only on antigen-presenting cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells. They show external antigens (like bacteria or viruses that were engulfed) to helper T-cells. This activates the immune response and helps coordinate an attack.
48
what is cells are apart of cell mediated immunity and what is it effective against
Lymphocytes (T cells) effective against microorganisms
49
what is antibody mediated immunity and the cells used
lymphocytes (B cells) produce daughter B cells to the specific antigen - more a fast rapid response
50
what cells do daughter B cells produce
- plasma cells - make specific antibodies - Memory B cells - memory of angtigen for fast robust secondary responses
51
what occurs during the stimulation of a help T cell (4 steps)
1. Macrophage (APC) shows the antigen using MHC Class II. 2. The Helper T-cell receptor recognizes and binds the antigen. 3. A) Interleukin-1 is released → helps nearby Helper T-cells (paracrine signal). CO-STIMULATOR B) Interleukin-2 is released → helps the same cell activate more (autocrine signal). 4. production of daughter help T cells (can divide again) and memory Helper T cells
52
when does cytotoxic T-cell activation occur
- when the target cell has been invaded by a microorganism
53
what are the 4 steps of cytotoxic T-cell activation
- target cell invaded 1. presents processed internal antigen on surface MHC class 1 2. processed antigen interacts with T cell receptor 3. co stimulation from helper T cells 4. division of T cells into daughter cells to combat infection
54
what is cytokine
produce inflammation and is released from cytotoxic t cells to attract innate imune cells and activate additional cytotoxic T cells
55
what are the 7 steps of antibody mediated immunity
1. B-cell receptor binds to specific unprocessed antigen 2. processed antigen is then displayed by MHC class 2 3. helper T cell binds to this and is activated 4. Interleukins release to activate B cell division 5. daughter B cells are created 6. plasma cells produce antibodies for antigen 7. memory B cell specific to antigen is also produced (separate from plasma cells)
56
what are plasma cells
b cells that produce antibodies
57
what are T helper cells stimulated by
interaction with an antigen presenting cell like a macrophage (recognizes antigen)
58
what is the variable and consistent region of the structure of an antibody
- variable = top with antigen binding sights - consistent = bottom with complement binding sites and where it binds to cells and macrophages
59
what is phagocytosis
when a macrophage or white blood cell "eats" bateria or a phathogen
60
how can active immunity lead to acquired adaptive immunity and how can it be natural or artificial
- immunity provided by our immune system 1. natural = natural exposure 2. artifical = vaccine
61
how can passive immunity lead to acquired adaptive immunity and how can it be naturally and artifical
immunity transfered from another person or animal 1. natural = antibodies from mother to fetus 2. Artificial = antibodies produced by another person or animal are injected
62
what is the difference between a first response and second response to an antigen
first response = slow (3-14 days) second exposure (with adaptive immunity) = hour to days for secondary response - second = faster

BPK 105 My que cards (8 decks)

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