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Z-Anatomy 4 > Week 9 Lecture- Senses > Flashcards

Week 9 Lecture- Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

in order to be tasted, a chemical:
must be dissolved in_________

A

saliva

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2
Q

2 chemical senses

A
  1. gustation [taste]
  2. olfaction [smell]
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3
Q

to smell substance must be dissolved in what?

A

dissolved in fluids of the nasal membranes

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4
Q

4 types of papillae

A
  1. filiform [no sensory function]
  2. fungiform [containstastebuds]
  3. circumvallate [contains taste buds]
  4. foliate [containstastebuds]
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5
Q

five basic taste sensations

A
  1. sweet
  2. salty
  3. sour
  4. bitter
    1. ummami
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6
Q

cranial nerves ____ and ___ carry impulses from taste buds to the solitary nucleus of the medulla

A

7 and 9

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7
Q

taste is 80% what functon

A

smell

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8
Q

70% of all sensory receptors are in the?

A

eye

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9
Q

palpebrae

A

eye-lids

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10
Q

separates eyelids

A

palpebral fissure –

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11
Q

initiate reflex blinking

A

eyelashes

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12
Q

lubricating glands associated with the eyelids

A

 meibomian glands and sebaceous glands

 ciliary glands lie between the hair follicles

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13
Q

conjunctiva

A

lines the eyelids as the palpebral conjunctiva

 covers the whites of the eyes as the ocular conjunctiva

 lubricates and protects the eye

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14
Q

what is the technical name for pink eye

A

conjunctivitis

Staphylococcus or Streptococcus spp. and allergies

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15
Q

_____________ secrete tears

A

lacrimal glands

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16
Q

tears exit the eye medially via the?

A

lacrimal punctum

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17
Q

where do tears drain?

A

drain into the nasolacrimal duct [i.e. to the nose]

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18
Q

“lazy eye” and errors with eye alignment are associated with what msucle

A

strabismus

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19
Q

“lazy eye” and errors with eye alignment are associated with what msucle

A

strabismus

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20
Q

 visual weakness in an otherwise normal eye

-developmental disorder

A

amblyopia

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21
Q

three tunics of the eye

A
  1. fibrous

vascular [uvea]

sensory [retina]

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22
Q

internal cavity of eye is filled with fluids called ________

A

humors

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23
Q

what separates the internal cavity into anterior and posterior segments

A

lens

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24
Q

forms the outermost coat of the eye and is composed of:

 opaque sclera [posteriorly]

 clear cornea [anteriorly]

A

fibrous tunic

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25
Q

3 regions of vascular tunic

A

a. choroid
b. ciliary body
c. iris

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26
Q

supplies blood to all eye tunics

A

choroid region of vascular tunic

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27
Q

a thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens

 composed of smooth muscle bundles

[ciliary muscles]

 anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place

A

ciliary body of vascular tunic

[ciliary muscles]

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28
Q

colored part of the eye

A

iris

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29
Q

what do pupils do during close vision and bright light

A

constrict

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30
Q

distant vision and dim light

A

pupils dilate

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31
Q

pupils and changes in emotional state

A

pupils dilate when the subject matter is appealing or requires problem-solving skills

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32
Q

2 layers of sensory tunic

A
  1. pigmented layer
    1. neural layer
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33
Q

the outer layer that absorbs light and prevents its scattering

prevents degradation of the image quality

A

pigmented layer of sensory tunic

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34
Q

photoreceptors that transduce light energy bipolar cells and ganglion cells

A

neural layer of sensory tunic

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35
Q

ganglion cells leave he eyes as ________-

A

optic nerve

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36
Q

is the site where the optic nerve leaves the eye

 lacks photoreceptors [the blind spot]

A

optic disc

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37
Q

vitreous humor

A

transmits light

 supports the posterior surface of the lens

 holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer

 contributes to intraocular pressure

38
Q

anterior segment of the eye contains what fluid?

drains via the canal of Schlemm

A

aqueous humor

39
Q
  • increased intraocular pressure [IOP] ≥21 mmHg
  • typically from increased aqueous humor
    • blocked outflow at canal of Schlemm [scleral venous sinus]
A

glaucoma

40
Q

a biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that:

 allows precise focusing of light onto the retina [fine focusing]

 is composed of epithelium and lens fibers

A

lens

41
Q

cataract

A

clouding of the normally transparent lens

 developing opacity of the crystalline lens

 denaturation of proteins

 progressive; vision loss to blindness

42
Q

astigmatism

A

inability of the lens or cornea to focus

 from lens hardening or corneal scarring

 refractive error – results in blurred vision

43
Q

pathway of light entering the eye

A

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and the neural layer of the retina to the photoreceptors

44
Q

close vision requires 3 events:

A
  1. accomodation
  2. constriction
    1. convergence
45
Q

myopia

A

near sighted- can’t see far away

corrected with a concave lens

46
Q

hyperopic eye

A

[farsighted] – the focal point is

behind the retina
 corrected with a convex lens

47
Q

adaptation to bright light [going from dark to light] involves:

A

switching from the rod to the cone system – visual acuity is gained

 dramatic decreases in retinal sensitivity – rod function is lost

48
Q

adaptation to dark is the reverse

A

cones stop functioning in low light, visual acuity

diminishes

 dramatic increase in retinal sensitivity – rod function is gained

49
Q

axons of ____________ form the optic nerve

A

retinal ganglion

50
Q

medial fibers of the optic nerve decussate at the

A

optic chiasm

51
Q

three parts of the ear

A
  1. inner
  2. outer
  3. middle
52
Q

what part of ear are involved in hearing?

A

outer and middle

53
Q

the inner ear functions in

A

both hearing and equilibrium

54
Q

parts of outer ear

A

 the helix [rim]

 the lobule [earlobe]

55
Q

tympanic membrane [eardrum] is a part of what ear?

A

outer

56
Q

thin connective tissue membrane that vibrates in

response to sound

 transfers sound energy to the middle ear ossicles

 boundary between outer and middle ears

A

tympanic membrane [eardrum]

57
Q

incision in tympanic membrane to relieve

pressure

A

 myringotomy

58
Q

 small tubes placed in the tympanic membrane of children

 made of metal, silicone, Teflon

 1-2 mm length

 used to drain the middle ear [ostitis media]

A

tympanostomy

59
Q

the middle ear is lined with

A

mucosa-lined cavity

60
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

 equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure

61
Q

the tympanic cavity (middle ear) contains three small bones [ossicles]:

A
  1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes
62
Q

vibrations in the middle ears are dampened by what cranial nerves?

A

tensor tympani [CN V3] and

stapedius muscles [CN VII]

63
Q

bony labyrinth contains what?

A

contains the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals
 filled with perilymph [similar to CSF, plasma]

64
Q

membranous labyrinth is filled with potassium-rich fluid ____________

A

endolymph

65
Q

a spiral, conical, bony chamber that:

A

cochlea

66
Q

contains the cochlear duct [scala media]

 contains the organ of Corti [hearing receptor]  coils around a bony pillar called the modiolus

A

cochlea

67
Q

___________________- moving hair cells stimulates the cochlear nerve that sends impulses to the brain

A

mechanosensitive hair cells

68
Q

each contains a macula [sensory receptor]

 vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium

 respond to gravity and changes in the position of the head

A

utricle

69
Q

_________ are the sensory receptors for static equilibrium

A

maculae

70
Q

each hair cell of the maculae has stereocilia and ________

embedded in the otolithic membrane

A

kinocilium

71
Q

otolithic membrane – jellylike mass studded with

tiny CaCO3 stones called __________-

A

otoliths/otoconia

72
Q

utricular hairs respond to _________ movement

[acceleration]

A

horizontal

73
Q

saccular hairs respond to ________ movement [gravity]

A

vertical

74
Q

each crista ampullaris has support cells and hair cells that extend into a gel-like mass called the ______-

A

cupula

75
Q

____________ respond to angular

movements of the head  dynamic equilibrium

A

semicircular canal receptors

76
Q

benign positional paroxysmal vertigo [BPPV]

A

otoliths from the utricle dislodge and float into the posterior canal, causing interference with cupula function

77
Q

taste on the back ⅔rds of tongue

A

CN 9 and 10

78
Q

taste on the front ⅔ads of tongue

A

CN 7

79
Q

pain on the front ⅔rds of tongue

A

CN 5

80
Q

pain on the back ⅓rd of tongue

A

CN 9

81
Q

what cells form the optic nerve?

A

ganglion cells

82
Q

bulk focusing

A

cornea

83
Q

fine focusing

A

lens

84
Q

mechanotransduction

A

hair on hair cells moving (in ear)

85
Q

________ embedded in the otolithic membrane

A

kinocilium

86
Q

components of vestibule

A

saccule

utricle

87
Q

components of semicircular canals

A

anterior canal
horizontal [lateral] canal

posterior canal

88
Q

vestibul receptor

A

macula

89
Q

vestibular dampening element

A

otolithic membrane

90
Q

semicircular canals receptors

A

crista ampullaris

Z-Anatomy 4 (14 decks)

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