Week 3 Flashcards
cerebral cortex = ______ matter
gray
basal nuclei = deeper _______ matter
gray
afferent impulses from all senses converge and
synapse in the _____________ except for what sense
thalamus
smell
main visceral control center of the body
hypothalamus
stalk of the hypothalamus
connects to the pituitary gland below
infundibulum
controls mechanisms needed to maintain normal body
temperature
hypothalamus
what hormones are made in the hypothalamus?
ADH and oxytocin
pineal gland extends from the posterior border and secretes
_______-
melatonin
pineal gland is part of what thalamus
epithlamaus
anterior brain increases in numbers of neurons and synapses
cephalization
in development the________ develops the neural plate
ectoderm
Fold become the crest, becomes the____
Groove becomes the tube becomes the_____
PNS
CNS
neural tube defects caused by lack of what?
low folic acid (B9)
incomplete closure of one or more vertebral lamina, resulting in protrusions of the spinal membranes and spinal cord through the clefts
Usually lumbar and sacral region
spina bifida
circumference of the head is smaller than average for the person’s age and sex
Microencephaly
absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp
Baby born unconscio9us and usually don’t survive
Anencephaly
ventricles arise from expansion of the_______ of the neural tube
lumen
____ ventricle found in the diencephalon
third
_______ventricle found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons
fourth
core of spinal cord= white or gray matter
gray matter
ridges; increase surface areas so your brain fits inside your skull
gyri
grooves
-sulci=
deep groove
fissures=
separate R and L brain
longitudinal fissure
-5 lobes of brain=
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
separates the frontal and parietal lobes
-central sulcus
the _________and ____________ gyri border the central sulcus
pre-central
post central
Cerebral Cortex
-is gray or white matter
grey
enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements
cerebral cortex
each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex acts ipsilateral or contralaterally
contralaterally [controls the opposite side of the body]
control voluntary movement
motor areas
what are the 4 motor areas of the brain?
- primary somatic motor cortex
- pre motor cortex
- brocas area
- frontal eye field
- in pre central gyrus
- composed of pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts
- conscious control, precise skilled movements
Primary (somatic) motor cortex
- anterior to pre central gyrus
- controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills - coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
pre motor cortex
- anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area
- present in one hemisphere [usually the left]
- a motor speech area that directs muscles of speech
- active while speaking
brocas area
brocas area is usually on what side of the brain
left
Broca’s Aphasia = ‘oral expressive aphasia’
- comprehension is good
- can understand what words mean but have trouble with the motor output of speech
- anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to brooks area
- voulntary eye movement
frontal eye field
conscious awareness of sensation
Sensory area (perception)
what are the 4 sensory areas of the brain
- primary somatosensory cortex
- somatosensory association cortex
- visual and auditory areas
- olfactory, gustation, and vestibular cortices
- located in the postcentral gyrus
- receives info from skin and skeletal muscles
- spatial discrimination
Primary somatosensory cortex
- located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
- integrates sensory information
- determines size, texture, relationship
Somatosensory Association Cortex
-on extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe; gets visual info from retinas
primary visual cortex=
surrounds the primary visual cortex; interprets
-visual association area=
located at the superior margin of the temporal
lobe; receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness
- primary auditory cortex=
= located posterior to the primary auditory cortex; stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds
auditory association area
conscious awareness of odors; primitive part of rhinencephalon [nose-brain]
olfactory
integrate diverse information
association areas
what are the 4 assocaiton areas
- prefrontal cortex
- language areas
- general interpretation center
- visceral association areas
- anterior portion of the frontal lobe
- intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
- judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
- closely linked to the limbic system [emotional part of the brain]
pre frontal cortex
the prefrontal cortex is closely linked with the _______ system
;imbic
Wernickes area=
in lett hempishpehre, understanding and comprehension of spoken language
speech is preserved [motor] but language content is incorrect
Wernickes aphasia= “sensory aphasia”;
conscious perception of visceral sensations
- upset stomach - full bladder
Visceral Association Areas
L and R brain; each hemisphere does certain things
laterlization
cerebral dominance
- left hemisphere–language, math, and logic
right hemisphere–visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills
asa
which fibers:
Connects gray area of 2 hemispheres
Corrposum collusum
Commissures (x-axis)
which fibers Connect different part of same hemisphere
Association fibers (y axis)
which fibers Enteres the hemisphere from lower brain or cord centers
Projection Fibers (z axis)
masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter
basal nuclei
- voluntary muscular activity
- attention and cognition
- intensity of slow movements
- inhibits unnecessary movement
- input and output of cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus
Basal Nuclei
hypokinetic disorders
Parkinson’s disease
hyperkinetic disorders
Huntington’s disease
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subfornial organ
-in 3rd ventricle
Diencephalon
paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
thalamus
afferent impulses from all senses converge and synapse in the________ (except smell)
thalamus
located below the thalamus, it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle
hypothalamus
main visceral control center of the body
infundibulum= stalk of hypothalamus that connect to pituitary
Blood pressure, heart rate, GI motility, breathing
Pleasure, fear, rage
Body temp
Hunger
Sleep wake cycles
Relseases ADH and oxytocin
hypothalamus
- contains pineal gland (melatonin)
- chroid plexus= secrets CSF
epithalamus
Subfornial area
sensation of thirst when dehydrated
