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Z-Anatomy 4 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

3 regions of brainstem=

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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2
Q

controls automatic behaviors: breathing, heart rate, cardiac output etc

A

brain stems

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3
Q

provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
-associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves (1 and 2 aren’t associated)

A

brain stem

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4
Q

located between the diencephalon and the pons

Most superior part of brainstem

A

midbrain

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5
Q

2 bulging ventral structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracks

A

Cerebral peduncles=

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6
Q

site of dopamine production

A

Substantia nigra=

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7
Q

hollow tube carries CSF from 3rd to 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

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8
Q

the midbrain is associated with what nerves

A

Cranial nerves III [oculomotor] and IV [trochlear]

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9
Q

Rich blood supply and Fe pigment

Motor coordination of upper extremities

A

Red nucleus

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10
Q

the substantial nigra is in what part of the brain

A

midbrain

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11
Q

bulging brainstem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
Respiratory control centeres

A

pons

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12
Q

Pons Cranial Nerves

A 
- contains nuclei of the reticular formation 
V [trigeminal]

VI [abducens]

VII [facial]

VIII [vestibulocochlear]
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13
Q

most inferior part of the brain stem
along with the pons, forms the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle
choroid plexus on the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle

A

medulla oblangata

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14
Q

crossover points of the corticospinal tracts (motor track crossover)

A

decussation

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15
Q

does decussation happen bin the medulla oblongata

A

yes

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16
Q

Heart control, breathing, messages to brain and spinal cord, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, sucking

A

Medulla Oblongata

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17
Q

Medullary Cranial Nerves

A

IX [glossopharyngeal]
X [vagus]
XI [accessory] 
XII [hypoglossal] 


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18
Q

= inability to swallow

A

DYSPHAGIA

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19
Q

complex, involving 4 cranial nerves, respiratory centers, phrenic nerve, diaphragm contraction and airway patency

A

sneeze reflex

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20
Q

irritation of trachea activates reflex to expel foreign material

A

cough reflex

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21
Q

initiated by touch receptors in pharynx, epiglottis closes, peristalsis, inhibit gag reflex [inability to swallow = DYSPHAGIA]

A

swallow reflex

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22
Q

drinking through straw, diaphragm contracts to expand lungs [↓ pressure]

A

suck reflex

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23
Q

complex, activated by chemoreceptors in medulla, incorporates abdominal muscles and lower esophageal sphincters

A

vomiting reflex

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24
Q

dorsal to the pons and medulla
protrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
11% of brain mass

A

Cerebellum

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25
Q

Precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
Subconscious- no projections to somatosensory cortex

A

Cerebellum

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26
Q

connects two identical hemisphere of cerebellum

A

vermis

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27
Q

Fibers in cerebellum are contralateral or ipsilateral

A

ipsilateral (no crossover- R cerebellum works on R brain)

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28
Q

_______ receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction

A

cerebellum

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29
Q

dysmetria=

A

overestimation or underestimation of force

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30
Q

= irregular uncoordinated movement of limbs or trunk

A

ataxia

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31
Q

inability to perform rapid coordinated movement (affected by alcohol)

A

dysdiadochokinesia=

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32
Q

limbic system is associated with ______

A

emotions

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33
Q

ncludes the rhinencephalon, amygdala, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus

A

limbic system

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34
Q

amygdla is associated with what emnotions

A

anger and fear

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35
Q

emotions via gestures

A

Cingulate gyrus

36
Q 
convert new information into long-term memories 
Spatial navigation (directions)
A

Hippocampus

37
Q
  • has diverse axonal connections with hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord
    -goes everywhere in the body- like fascia
    -invovled in cortical arousal
    filters out repetitive and weak stimuli (ie low buzzing of refrigerator)
    alerts cortex to strong sensory signals (ie smoke alarm)

    Controls coarse motor movement

A

Reticular Formation/. Reticular Activating System

38
Q

what system is involved in cortical arrousal

A

Reticular Formation/. Reticular Activating System

39
Q

_____records brain activity/ brain waves

A

EEG

40
Q
  • “Idling brain”
  • relaxed and alert
  • eyes closed, not thinking
A

alpha waves

41
Q
  • busy brain

- anxious thinking and active concentration

A

beta waves

42
Q
  • short duration
  • common in children
  • drowsiness and hypnosis, lucid dreaming, light sleep
  • transitional states
A

theta waves

43
Q
  • low frequency, high amplitude
  • deep sleep
  • when reticular activating system is off
A

Delta Waves

44
Q

2-15 seconds, blank stare, fluttering eyes; no

post-seizure confusion


A

absence seizures [petit mal]

45
Q

1-2 minutes, LOC, usually falls with rigidity followed by jerking movements, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of the tongue; post-seizure confusion

A

tonic-clonic seizures [grand mal]

46
Q

REM sleep =

A

= dreaming

47
Q

one passes through four stages of NREM during the first ____- minutes of sleep

A

30-45

48
Q

REM sleep occurs after the___ NREM stage; about 90 minutes in

A

4th

49
Q

EEG pattern reverts through the NREM stages to the stage 1 pattern is called what

A

[backtrack]

50
Q

During REM vital signs______ and dreaming rakes place

A

increase

51
Q

____sleep may be a reverse learning process where superfluous information is purged from the brain

A

REM

52
Q

lapsing abruptly into sleep from the awake state

A

narcolepsy=

53
Q

chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed

A

insomnia=

54
Q

temporary cessation of breathing during slee

A

sleep apnea=

55
Q

sleep walking

A

somnambulism

56
Q
  • between brain and skull

- protect CNS

A

meninges

57
Q

what meaning contains CSF

A

-subarachnoid contain CSF

58
Q

Meninges of the brain

A
  1. Dura matter (tough matter)
  2. Arachnoid mater (spider matter)
  3. Pia matter (gentle matter)- most inner
59
Q
  1. falx cerebri – fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure
  2. falx cerebelli – runs along the vermis of the cerebellum
  3. tentorium cerebelli – horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure
A

dfgsdfg

60
Q

in the middle

Separated by subdural space

A

arachnoid

61
Q

CSF and large blood vessels in ________-

A

subarachnoid

62
Q

is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, i.e., the area between the arachnoid and the pia mater

A

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE [SAH]

63
Q

form of traumatic brain injury in which blood collects between the dura [the outer protective covering of the brain] and the arachnoid [the middle layer of the meninges]

A

SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE [SDH]=

64
Q
  • deep meninge
  • delicate connective tissue
  • clings tightly to the brain
A

pia matter

65
Q

-similar comp to blood plasma; less protein
-160ml of CSF (6 ounces= half beer can)
gives buoyancy to the CNS organs

A

CSF

66
Q

CSF is reaborded via ___________

A

arachnoid villi

67
Q

CSF production blocked; water brain

A

hydrocephalus=

68
Q

____________ help cleanse CSF by removing waste

A

Chord plexus

69
Q

podocytes of_________ help form the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

70
Q

BBB is selective or non selective

A

BBB is selective that allows some nutrients to pass

71
Q

BBB is ineffective against what

A

Ineffective against substances than can diffuse through plasma membrane (some drugs)

72
Q

where is the BBB absent

A

absent in some areas [vomiting center and the hypothalamus], allowing these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood

73
Q

2 types of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)

A

Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
-caused by blockage of cerebral artery

74
Q

temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia

A

transient ischemic attacks [TIAs]

75
Q

contralateral left extremity sensory loss and weakness

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery [ACA]

76
Q

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery [PCA]

77
Q

most commonly affected, supplies largest area, contralateral upper extremity or face

A

Middle Cerebral Artery [MCA]

78
Q

a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia; m/c degenerative brain disorder

A

Alzheimer’s disease=

79
Q
  • degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
  • 2nd most common neurodenegrative disease in elderly
  • onset in 50s (6th decade)
A

Parkinson’s disease=

80
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with what system

A

extrapyramidal [involuntary] motor system

81
Q

Diagnostic Criteria for parkinsons

A
  1. resting tremors  pathognomonic [70%]
    1. bradykinesia [lead-pipe & cogwheel rigidity]
    2. abnormal gait [short-stepped & festinating]
    3. loss of postural reflexes [w/falling] 

82
Q

what is thew main sign of Parkinson’s

A

resting tremor (goes away with movement)

83
Q

= fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the protein huntingtin that leads to degeneration of the basal nuclei

A

Huntington’s disease

84
Q

autosomal dominant genetic

-on chromosome 4

A

huntingtons disease

85
Q

movement disorder; brief irregular contractions that are non repetitive or rhythmic but appear to flow from one muscle to the next

A

Chorea-

Z-Anatomy 4 (14 decks)

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