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Z-Anatomy 4 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

junction between neurons
- mediates the flow of information


A

synapse

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2
Q

conducting neuron=

A

presynaptic

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3
Q

-receiving neuron=

A

postsynaptic

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4
Q

2 types of synapses:

A
  1. electrical synapse
  2. chemical synapse
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5
Q

which synapse:

  • Least common
  • Cytoplasm of adjacent cells connected by gap junctions
  • Ions flow directly
  • Bidirectional
  • Fast (allows heart to contract)
    • Abundant in embryonic nervous tissue
A

electrical synapse

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6
Q

which type of synapse

  • Releaase of neurotransmitters
  • axonalterminal=presynaptic
  • receptorregion=postsynaptic
  • Neurotransmitter diffuse across synaptic cleft
  • One way flow
    • Electrical event leads to chemical event
A

chemical synapse

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7
Q

Flow of info at synapse

A
  1. Calcium channels open in the presynaptic neuron and calcium enters the axon terminal
  2. Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft
  3. Neurotransmitters diffuse bind to postsynaptic receptors; this is reversible because they can bind and unbind
  4. Ion channels open in the postsynaptic membrane creating a new graded potential
  • Excitatory or inhibitory
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8
Q

neurotransmitters move across the synapse via

A

diffusion

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9
Q

are neurotransimiteres permanent or reversible

A

reversible, they can bind and unbind

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10
Q

________ is a rate limiting step; neurotransmitters take a bit to release, diffuse, and bind

A

Synaptic delay

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11
Q

what happens to neurotransmitters

A
  1. degraded by enzymes
  2. reuptake by astrocytes
    1. diffusion out of synapse
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12
Q

Modification of neurotransmitters:

A
  1. agonist = enhances NT effect
    * Albuterol asthma inhaler
  2. antagonist = blocks NT action
    * Antihistamines block histamine receptor
  3. receptor site can be blocked
    * Antipsychotics used to bind to receptor site
  4. time in cleft can be prolonged or lessened
    * SSRIs- reuptake inhibitor- stays in the cleft
  5. release blocked or enhanced
    * MDMA enhances release of serotonin
  6. synthesis stimulated or inhibited
    * Clonidine lowers BP by inhibiting presynaptic NE production
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13
Q

-neurotransmitters generate ________ membrane potentials on postsynaptic membranes

A

GRADED

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14
Q
  • EPSP – excitatory =
A

depolarizing

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15
Q
  • IPSP – inhibitory =
A

hyperpolarizing

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16
Q
  • Summation is important for EPSPs or IPSPs
A

EPSP

17
Q
  • Sodium channels open for EPSP or IPSP
A

EPSP

18
Q
  • Reduces AP potential
  • Cl- or K+ channels open [Na+ closed]
A

IPSP

19
Q

-role of the ________ to ‘inhibit’ unnecessary activity

A

cerebral cortex

20
Q

Summation

A

-add all the EPSPs and IPSPs together

21
Q

rapid production of EPSPs

  • rapid fire from SAME axon terminal
  • tons of ESPS all in a row like a machine gun
A

temporal summation

22
Q

large number of EPSPs

-impulses arrive from MANY axon terminals

A

spatial summation

23
Q

Structural Neurotransmitters:

A
  1. acetylcholine [ACh]
  2. Biogenic amines
  3. amino acids
  4. neuropeptides
    1. novel messgengers
24
Q

Biogenic amines

A
  1. Dopamine- regulates skeletal muscle tone
  2. Norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)- both derived from amino acid tyrosine
  3. Indolamines- serotonin, histamine
25
Q
  • most common= GABA= inhibitory
  • glutamate= most common in brain= excitatory
  • glucine= inhibitory= found in brain stems and spinal cord
A

Amino acids

26
Q

where is glycine found

A

brain stem an dspinbal cord

27
Q

3 Novel messengers

A
  1. ATP- excitatory in PNS and CNS
  2. Nitric Oxide- produced on demand- vasodilator

3, Carbon Monoxide

28
Q

Types of Circuits

A
  1. diverging
  2. converging
  3. reverberating (oscillating)
  4. parallel after discharge
29
Q
  • single neuron stimulates many others
  • One input, many outputs
A
  1. diverging circuits
30
Q
  • many outpours, one input
  • one neuron stimulated by many others
A

converging circuti

31
Q
  • feedback loop
  • impulses from distal neurons stimulate proximal neurons repeatedly
  • short term memory, sleep wake cycles breathing
A

reverberating (oscillating) circuti

32
Q

-single neuron stimulates group of neurons that then stimulate one neuron

A

parallel after-discharge circuits

33
Q

left brain logic does what kind of processing

A

serial

34
Q
  • many pathways and many destination
  • right brain
A

parallel processing

35
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  1. receptor → activated by a stimulus
  2. sensory neuron → AFFERENT
  3. interneuron → CNS integration → brain/spinal cord
  4. motor neuron → EFFERENT
  5. effector [response] → muscle or gland

Z-Anatomy 4 (14 decks)

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