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intro 2 psych > week 9 interpersonal and group processes > Flashcards

week 9 interpersonal and group processes Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of social influence

A

compliance, obedience and conformity

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2
Q

compliance

A

change of behavior in response to direct request

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3
Q

obedience

A

change of behavior in response to directive from an authority figure

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4
Q

conformity

A

change in behavior to match the response or actions of others

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5
Q

principles of compliance Cialdini and Goldstein 2004

A

reciporticty, consistence, commitment, liking and authority

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6
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

the rule that obliges us to repay others for what we have received from them even if we didn’t request the favor

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7
Q

examples of norm of reciprocity in sales

A

free samples is acceptance of “gift” then you feel like you have a social obligation to buy the real thing

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8
Q

door in the face technique

A

start with a large request, wait for no then lower your request. people feel obliged to reciprocate the concession by the requester

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9
Q

norm of consistency

A

rule that obliges us to be consistent in our behavior

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10
Q

foot in the door technique

A

start with small request, wait for yes then ask for large

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11
Q

freedman and fraser 1966 foot in the door technique

A

small request to house-owners - attach small label with drive safely to their house, then ask for large request - gigantic sign in front of house

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12
Q

norm of commitment

A

once we make a commitment, we feel pressure to follow through

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13
Q

low balling technique

A

have people commit to a course of action and then increase the request

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14
Q

cialdini et al 1978 low balling technique study

A

commitment - would you like to participate in my experiment

request - it starts at 7 in the morning

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15
Q

factors affecting liking

A

physical attractiveness, similarity and familiarity

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16
Q

example of liking in ads

A

using a well liked celeb

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17
Q

how does authority affect social influence

A

people comply and obey more with requests made by authority figures

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18
Q

hofling et al 1966 hospital study

A

orders asked on call by a bogus physician to nurses to administer 20mg of astroten

non-approved drug, dosage 2x the norm, on the phone and unfamiliar doctor

21/22 nurses were ready to give the injection.

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19
Q

informational social influence

A

conform because we believe other understand better than us

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20
Q

normative social influence

A

conformity to be liked and accepted by others

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21
Q

social facilitation

A

benefiting from presence of other people

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22
Q

social inhibition

A

not benefiting from presence of other people

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23
Q

zajonc 1969 study in simple maze

A

timed cockroach in simple maze alone and with other cockroaches watching

alone time - 41 seconds
audience - 33 seconds

24
Q

zajonc 1969 study in complex maze

A

timed cockroach in simple maze alone and with other cockroaches watching

alone time - 110 seconds
audience - 130 seconds

25
Q

social facilitation/inhibitions process

A

others presence - arousal - strengthens dominant response - enhancing easy behavior OR impairing difficult behavior

26
Q

other factors that affect social facilitation/inhibition

A

others as distractions and evaluation apprehension

27
Q

evaluation apprehension

A

new task makes u not able to perform well

28
Q

dominant response

A

the reaction elicited most quickly and easily by a given stimulus

29
Q

social loafing

A

a type of motivation loss occurs when group members work is unidentifiable and they work less than they would alone

30
Q

Latane, Williams and Hawkins 1979

A
  • blindfolded ptsp and put headphones
  • played clapping/cheering in headphones
  • ptsp asked to clap or cheer
  • IV = ptsp thought they were making noise alone or with up to 5 people

results = 1/3 less noise when they thought other people were also making noise

31
Q

prejudice - emotional

A

shared attitude or feeling towards a social outgrip and their members based on group membership

32
Q

stereotypes - cognitive

A

generalized belief about members of group

33
Q

discrimination - behaviors

A

not all prejudice translates to behavior if it does, this is discrimination

34
Q

linguistic intergroup bias - Maass 1999

A

tendency to use concrete, specific language describing positive outgroup characteristics and negative in-group characteristics

eg if something negative happens in my race, because of the circumstances but if another race does good thing its not normal, usually they do bad things

tendency to use more general and abstract terms related to enduring traits in regards to negative outgroup characterstics and positive in group characteristics

35
Q

illusory correlations

A

perception of a relation between 2 distinctive elements that does not exist or is exaggerated

eg people from New York are rude

caused by tendency to focus on confirmatory evidence - cases of rude new yorkers

conspiracy theories - attend to evidence in favor of theory and ignore anything inconsistent with it

36
Q

illusion of out group homogeneity

A

tendency to perceive members of the out group as more similar to each other than members of the in group

eg women may see men as “all the same”

37
Q

how to reduce prejudice

A

contact hypothesis

38
Q

contact hypothesis

A

contact with out group

39
Q

factors working against contact hypothesis

A

self-fulfilling prophecy, power differential, length of contact

40
Q

decategorisation

A

seeing the other as an individual rather than member of outgroup

41
Q

recategorisation

A

instead of in-group vs outgroup, the focus is on common membership in a superordinate group

eg were all British NOT im Scottish, you’re English

42
Q

bystander effect

A

tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help in an emergency if other onlookers are present

43
Q

Latane and Darley 1968

A

ptsp told they would discus problems faced bystander students in high pressure urban environment

discussion over intercoms and experimenter left room

ptsp believed they were going to have discussion alone, with one, or 4 other people

shortly after discussion began, one of other ptsp on intercom began to choke and had seizure

results =
alone 50 seconds to help
4 other bystanders took 17 seconds to help

44
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

a majority of group members privately reject to believe but I incorrectly assumed that most others except it and therefore go along with it

For example in education not asking questions in class because person believes they’re the only one who doesn’t understand

45
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it to other group members

eg someone else will call police

46
Q

When Milgram conducted his famous obedience studies, more than half the participants used the maximum shock level (450V) in the original study. Psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults had expected:

A

No one expected anyone to go as far as 450V

47
Q

Social __________ refers to motivation loss when working as an unidentifiable member of a group rather than individually.

A

loafing

48
Q

Zajonc’s explanation of social facilitation centers on the idea of strengthening _____________ responses.

A

dominant

49
Q

Attitude is to __________ as behaviour is to __________.

A

prejudice, discrimination

50
Q

One principle that prevents helping is:

A

diffusion of responsibility

51
Q

Imagine you are asked first to agree to participate in a study. After you agree, you are told that the study takes place at 7 pm and you are expected to not have eaten that day. This is an example of:

A

low balling

52
Q

The presence of others increases _________, which strengthens dominant responses, enhancing performance on easy tasks and impairing performance on difficult tasks.

A

arousal

53
Q

Jade regularly goes to a restaurant and most times, she receives service. However, on two occasions, she was ignored and only received service after someone intervened on her behalf. Jade, therefore, concludes that employees at restaurants are sexist. This is an example of ________________.

A

illusory correlation

54
Q

There is a tendency to use concrete, specific language for ________ outgroup characteristics and for _________ ingroup characteristics.

A

desirable, undesirable

55
Q

There is a tendency to use general language about enduring traits for ________ outgroup characteristics and for _________ ingroup characteristics.

A

undesirable, desirable

intro 2 psych (9 decks)

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