week 8 attitudes and emotions

Question 1

attitude

Answer 1

relatively enduring sets of beliefs, feeling and intention toward an object, person event or symbol

Question 2

components of attitudes

Answer 2

affective, cognitive and behavioral

Question 3

affective component

Answer 3

feeling of like or dislike

Question 4

cognitive component

Answer 4

beliefs held about object

Question 5

behavioral component

Answer 5

behavior or intention In accordance to attitude

Question 6

classical conditioning

Answer 6

start: UC -> UR
eg food -> salivation
conditioning: US + CS neutral (bell)
result: CS -> CR

Question 7

mere exposure

Answer 7

when a stimulus starts as neural then the more you see it the more you like it

Question 8

factors influencing how consistent attitude is to behavior

Answer 8

knowledge, personal relevance, attitude accessibility and behavioral intentions

Question 9

how does knowledge affect consistency

Answer 9

higher and firsthand knowledge leads to higher consistence

Question 10

personal relavance and consistency

Answer 10

more personality relevance is more consistent

Question 11

attitude accessibility and consistence

Answer 11

more accessible = more consistent - easier to bring to mind and act on

Question 12

behavioral intention

Answer 12

behavior that is intended or planned = more consistent

Question 13

self-perception theory Bem 1965

Answer 13

people infer their own attitudes from their behavior so they observe themselves similar to how they observe others and look for attributional explanations for behavior

Question 14

cognitive dissonance - festinger 1957

Answer 14

dissonance is an adverse state that people are motivated to reduce

Question 15

disonance

Answer 15

unpleasant state or tension that arrises when we perceive a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, attitude and self image and one attitude and another

Question 16

method of festinger and carlsmith 1959 study

Answer 16

Participants were asked to complete a boring task (e.g., turning pegs on a board) for an hour.
After completing the task, participants were told that the researchers wanted them to help by telling the next participant that the task was enjoyable and engaging.
Participants were then offered one of two payments for their cooperation:
$1 (low reward condition)
$20 (high reward condition)
Post-Task Survey:
After lying to the next participant, participants were asked to rate how much they actually enjoyed the boring task

Question 17

results of festinger and carlsmith 1959 study

Answer 17

Participants who were paid only $1 rated the task as significantly more enjoyable than those in the $20 group.

Participants who were paid $1 to lie about the boring task experienced insufficient justification because the small reward ($1) wasn’t enough to explain why they lied.
Since they couldn’t fully rationalize their behavior based on the small payment, they reduced their discomfort by convincing themselves that the task was actually enjoyable, thus aligning their attitudes with their actions.

Question 18

4 steps of elaboration likelihood model

Answer 18

1. persuasion attempt
2. audience factors
3. processing approach
4. persuasion outcome

Question 19

what happens when audience factors = high motivation and ability to think about message

Answer 19

central processing occurs and focus is on quality of message

Question 20

what happens to persuasion outcome when central processing occurs and focus is on quality of message

Answer 20

lasting change that resists fading that resists counter attacks

Question 21

what happens when audience factors = low motivation and ability to think about message

Answer 21

peripheral processing, focused on surface features eg attractiveness of persuader

Question 22

what happens to persuasion outcome when peripheral processing occurs

Answer 22

temporary change thats susceptible to fading and counterattacks

Question 23

6 basic emotions

Answer 23

digest, fear, joy, surprise, sadness and anger

Question 24

what did Darwin 1872 say about emotion

Answer 24

human expressions have evolved as is not learnt, its universally expressed and recognized

Question 25

3 types of emotions

Answer 25

basic, self-conscious and moral

Question 26

zelenski and Larson 2000 method

Answer 26

82 University students asked to complete 3 short emotion questionnaires a day for a month

Question 27

zelenski and Larson 2000 result

Answer 27

happiness was highest scored, sadness was uncommon

Question 28

limitation of zelenski and Larson 2000

Answer 28

2000 done before covid and war

Question 29

location of amygdala

Answer 29

temporal lobe, in front of hippocampus and is part of the limbic system

Question 30

where does the amygdala have an important role in

Answer 30

expression of conditional emotional responses

Question 31

what is amygdala used for

Answer 31

systems for behavioral, autonomic and hormonal components of conditioned emotional responses

Question 32

where is orbitofrontal cortex located

Answer 32

top of frontal lobes

Question 33

where does orbitofrontal cortex receive info from

Answer 33

sensory systems and regions of frontal lobes that control behavior

Question 34

what system does orbitofrontal cortex communicate with

Answer 34

limbic system

Question 35

what happens when amygdala is damaged

Answer 35

lack of fear responses - nonchalant attitude

Question 36

what did Ledoux 1996 discover

Answer 36

2 routes by which conditioning of fear can occur

Question 37

what is the quick and dirty response

Answer 37

see fear evoking stimulus - goes to thalamus then to amygdala, carries emotional content of the conditioning

Question 38

what’s the slower process

Answer 38

link between thalamus and visual/auditory cortex and amygdala - carries sensory content of conditioning

Question 39

what happens when orbitofrontal cortex is damaged - phineas gage

Answer 39

impaired inhibitions and self-concern, also have problems recognizing facial and vocal emotional expression

Question 40

facial feedback hypothesis by strack et al 1988

Answer 40

ptsp told to hold pen in mouth either sucking or teeth position, they read and rated cartoons. pen held with teeth = cartoons rated more funny supporting the idea that facial expressions can influence our feelings

Question 41

effects of botox

Answer 41

paralyses frown muscles vital for anger expression. reading of sentences slowed when expression of evolved emotion would have required paralyzed muscle

Question 42

theories of emotions

Answer 42

James Lange theory of emotion, cannon-bard theory, schachter and singer 2 factor theory

Question 43

James Lange theory

Answer 43

do we feel sad then we cry or do we cry then we know we are sad? - emotions are after the fact

Question 44

give steps of experience of emotion from James Lange

Answer 44

stimulus - perception/interpretation - unique patterns of autonomic arousal - a particular emotion experienced

Question 45

cannon bard theory

Answer 45

• counter to James lange
• emotional and physiological responses are separate but not occur in direct response to stimulus
• same psychological reactions eg heartbeat for different emotions

Question 46

schachter and singer 2 factor theory of emotion

Answer 46

emotions are determined jointly by perception of physiology and cognitive assessment of the situation

Question 47

schachter and singer experiment

Answer 47

ptsp received adrenaline shot and looked at how they interpret arousal given the context they’re in
- 3 different group
1. told shot has no effect
2. told it would make them tremble and heart race
3. told it would make them itchy and numb
- ptsp put in room with confederate who was playing with paper airplanes or angry and ripping up questionnaire

results: group 1 and 3 felt happy around happy confederate and angry around angry confederate

group 2 emotion was unaffected by confederate and correctly attributed arousal symptoms to injection

Question 48

misattribution of arousal paradigm by Dutton and Aron 1974

Answer 48

ptsp required to cross a wobbly bridge or stable bridge

after rated physical attraction towards target person

results = wobbly bridge rated more aroused and misattributed arousal to physical attraction