week 8 attitudes and emotions Flashcards
attitude
relatively enduring sets of beliefs, feeling and intention toward an object, person event or symbol
components of attitudes
affective, cognitive and behavioral
affective component
feeling of like or dislike
cognitive component
beliefs held about object
behavioral component
behavior or intention In accordance to attitude
classical conditioning
start: UC -> UR
eg food -> salivation
conditioning: US + CS neutral (bell)
result: CS -> CR
mere exposure
when a stimulus starts as neural then the more you see it the more you like it
factors influencing how consistent attitude is to behavior
knowledge, personal relevance, attitude accessibility and behavioral intentions
how does knowledge affect consistency
higher and firsthand knowledge leads to higher consistence
personal relavance and consistency
more personality relevance is more consistent
attitude accessibility and consistence
more accessible = more consistent - easier to bring to mind and act on
behavioral intention
behavior that is intended or planned = more consistent
self-perception theory Bem 1965
people infer their own attitudes from their behavior so they observe themselves similar to how they observe others and look for attributional explanations for behavior
cognitive dissonance - festinger 1957
dissonance is an adverse state that people are motivated to reduce
disonance
unpleasant state or tension that arrises when we perceive a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, attitude and self image and one attitude and another
method of festinger and carlsmith 1959 study
Participants were asked to complete a boring task (e.g., turning pegs on a board) for an hour.
After completing the task, participants were told that the researchers wanted them to help by telling the next participant that the task was enjoyable and engaging.
Participants were then offered one of two payments for their cooperation:
$1 (low reward condition)
$20 (high reward condition)
Post-Task Survey:
After lying to the next participant, participants were asked to rate how much they actually enjoyed the boring task
results of festinger and carlsmith 1959 study
Participants who were paid only $1 rated the task as significantly more enjoyable than those in the $20 group.
Participants who were paid $1 to lie about the boring task experienced insufficient justification because the small reward ($1) wasn’t enough to explain why they lied.
Since they couldn’t fully rationalize their behavior based on the small payment, they reduced their discomfort by convincing themselves that the task was actually enjoyable, thus aligning their attitudes with their actions.
4 steps of elaboration likelihood model
- persuasion attempt
- audience factors
- processing approach
- persuasion outcome
what happens when audience factors = high motivation and ability to think about message
central processing occurs and focus is on quality of message
what happens to persuasion outcome when central processing occurs and focus is on quality of message
lasting change that resists fading that resists counter attacks
what happens when audience factors = low motivation and ability to think about message
peripheral processing, focused on surface features eg attractiveness of persuader
what happens to persuasion outcome when peripheral processing occurs
temporary change thats susceptible to fading and counterattacks
6 basic emotions
digest, fear, joy, surprise, sadness and anger
what did Darwin 1872 say about emotion
human expressions have evolved as is not learnt, its universally expressed and recognized
3 types of emotions
basic, self-conscious and moral
zelenski and Larson 2000 method
82 University students asked to complete 3 short emotion questionnaires a day for a month
zelenski and Larson 2000 result
happiness was highest scored, sadness was uncommon
limitation of zelenski and Larson 2000
2000 done before covid and war
location of amygdala
temporal lobe, in front of hippocampus and is part of the limbic system
where does the amygdala have an important role in
expression of conditional emotional responses
what is amygdala used for
systems for behavioral, autonomic and hormonal components of conditioned emotional responses
where is orbitofrontal cortex located
top of frontal lobes
where does orbitofrontal cortex receive info from
sensory systems and regions of frontal lobes that control behavior
what system does orbitofrontal cortex communicate with
limbic system
what happens when amygdala is damaged
lack of fear responses - nonchalant attitude
what did Ledoux 1996 discover
2 routes by which conditioning of fear can occur
what is the quick and dirty response
see fear evoking stimulus - goes to thalamus then to amygdala, carries emotional content of the conditioning
what’s the slower process
link between thalamus and visual/auditory cortex and amygdala - carries sensory content of conditioning
what happens when orbitofrontal cortex is damaged - phineas gage
impaired inhibitions and self-concern, also have problems recognizing facial and vocal emotional expression
facial feedback hypothesis by strack et al 1988
ptsp told to hold pen in mouth either sucking or teeth position, they read and rated cartoons. pen held with teeth = cartoons rated more funny supporting the idea that facial expressions can influence our feelings
effects of botox
paralyses frown muscles vital for anger expression. reading of sentences slowed when expression of evolved emotion would have required paralyzed muscle
theories of emotions
James Lange theory of emotion, cannon-bard theory, schachter and singer 2 factor theory
James Lange theory
do we feel sad then we cry or do we cry then we know we are sad? - emotions are after the fact
give steps of experience of emotion from James Lange
stimulus - perception/interpretation - unique patterns of autonomic arousal - a particular emotion experienced
cannon bard theory
- counter to James lange
- emotional and physiological responses are separate but not occur in direct response to stimulus
- same psychological reactions eg heartbeat for different emotions
schachter and singer 2 factor theory of emotion
emotions are determined jointly by perception of physiology and cognitive assessment of the situation
schachter and singer experiment
ptsp received adrenaline shot and looked at how they interpret arousal given the context they’re in
- 3 different group
1. told shot has no effect
2. told it would make them tremble and heart race
3. told it would make them itchy and numb
- ptsp put in room with confederate who was playing with paper airplanes or angry and ripping up questionnaire
results: group 1 and 3 felt happy around happy confederate and angry around angry confederate
group 2 emotion was unaffected by confederate and correctly attributed arousal symptoms to injection
misattribution of arousal paradigm by Dutton and Aron 1974
ptsp required to cross a wobbly bridge or stable bridge
after rated physical attraction towards target person
results = wobbly bridge rated more aroused and misattributed arousal to physical attraction
