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intro 2 psych > week 7 social cognition > Flashcards

week 7 social cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

situationism

A

the view that behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment

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2
Q

dispositionism

A

behavior is determined by internal factors eg personality

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3
Q

just world hypothesis

A

people get the outcomes they deserve

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4
Q

fundamental attribution bias

A

tendency for observers to underestimate impact of situation and overestimate impact of personal disposition when analyzing someone

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5
Q

acter observer bias

A

misattribute others actions to internal factors and our own behaviors are attributed to situational factors

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6
Q

as the actor how do we perceive our behavior

A

as influenced by the situation (variable)

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7
Q

as the observer how do we perceive our behavior

A

as due to personal dispositions - stable

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8
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

-psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions
- we experience a conflict in our behaviors, attitudes or beliefs that runs counter to our positive self-perceptions, we experience psychological discomfort (dissonance)

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9
Q

how to decrease cognitive dissonance

A
  1. changing discrepant behavior eg stop smoking
  2. changing our cognitions through rationalization or denial eg telling ourselves that health risks can be reduced by filtered cigs
  3. adding a new cognition eg smoking stops my appetite so I don’t lose weight which is good for my health
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10
Q

hovlands features of persuasion

A

credibility of speaker, physical attractiveness of speaker, subtlety and attention

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11
Q

what are 2 main routes that play a role in persuasion

A

central and peripheral

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12
Q

what is central route of persuasion

A
  • logic driven & uses data & facts
  • argument must be strong to create attitude change
  • works best if audience is analytical and willing to engage in processing of info
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13
Q

what is the peripheral route of persuasion

A
  • indirect route using peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message
  • relies on association with positive characteristics eg positive emotions & celebrity endorsement
  • doesn’t require much effort in info processing
  • less permanent attitude change
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14
Q

what is the foot in the door technique - freedom and Fraser 1966

A

persuader gets a person to agree to bestow to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase a bigger item

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15
Q

what are internal forms of attitude change

A
  • cognitive dissonance
  • tension we experience when thoughts are in conflict
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16
Q

normative social influence

A

people conform to group norm to fit in

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17
Q

informational social influence

A

people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous

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18
Q

group polarization

A

-strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
- if a group initially favors a viewpoint after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint

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19
Q

social facilitation

A

when an individual performs better when an audience is watching them

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20
Q

social loafing

A

exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group, so group performance declines on easy tasks

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21
Q

prejudice

A

a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on ones membership in a particular social group

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22
Q

discrimination

A

negative action toward an individual as a result of ones membership in a particular group

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23
Q

impression formation

A

assigning characteristics to other people

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24
Q

what is aschs configured model

A

people tend to not simply add up impressions but make holistic judgments based on specific info

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25
Q

what’s good about aschs configurational model

A

allows for summarizing and organizing of large and diverse info about a person

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26
Q

3 biases in impression formation

A

primacy effect, negativity bias and halo effect

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27
Q

primacy effect

A

earlier info has stronger influence than later info

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28
Q

negativity bias

A

negative info has stronger influence esp in social and moral situations

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29
Q

halo effect

A

assumption that someone with down positive/negative qualities also possesses additional undisclosed positive/negative qualities

30
Q

schema

A

a set of expectations about the way the world works that affects the information we attend to and remember. It is a mental framework that organises and synthesises information.

31
Q

what is emotional component of schema

A

prejudice

32
Q

what is cognitive component of schema

A

stereotype

33
Q

what is behavioral component of schema

A

discrimination

34
Q

rebound effect

A

in case of stereotypes - when people suppress negative stereotypical thoughts, when not trying to suppress anymore their expressions become stronger

35
Q

self-fulfilling prophecies

A

others expectations can cause us to “know ourselves” and behave in a way that’s confirming those expectations

36
Q

Harris and Rosenthal 1985

A

children at beginning of school year were randomly told they were particularly bright by teachers - these kids performed better at the end of the term

37
Q

self perception theory - bem 1972

A

we learn about ourselves by observing how we behave

38
Q

social comparison theory - festinger 1954

A

people are driven to gain accurate self-evaluations . self evaluation often achieved by comparing ourselves to others

39
Q

3 ways to gain self knowledge

A

self-fulfilling prophecies, self-perception theory and social comparison theory

40
Q

attribution theory

A

an explanation of how people develop a casual understanding of human behavior

41
Q

who suggested the different causes of behavior

A

heider 1958

42
Q

situation factors

A
  • external causes
  • stimuli in the environment
43
Q

dispositional factors

A
  • internal causes
  • individual personality characteristics
44
Q

what does Kelleys covariation theory say

A

attributions are made by 3 different principles

45
Q

3 principles of covariation

A

consensus, consistency and distinctiveness

46
Q

from Kelleys covariation theory what are the 4 types of attributions

A
  1. the person - internal or dispositional
  2. the stimulus - external or situational
  3. the circumstance
  4. combination
47
Q

give an example of consensus

A

how do other people behave?

48
Q

give an example of consistency

A

does x usually behave like this?

49
Q

give an example of distinctiveness

A

is x’s behavior in this situation different from x’s behavior in other situations?

50
Q

give 4 attributional biases

A
  1. actor-observer effect
  2. fundamental attribution error
  3. false consensus
  4. self-serving bias
51
Q

what was the method for Jones and Harris 1967 study

A
  • Participants read essays that either supported or opposed Fidel Castro (a controversial figure at the time).
  • They were informed that the essay writers had either:
    1. Freely chosen their stance (pro-Castro or anti-Castro).
    2. Been assigned their stance by the experimenters.
  • Participants were then asked to judge the essay writers’ true attitudes toward Castro.
52
Q

findings of jones and Harris 1967 study

A
  • Even when participants knew the stance was assigned and the writer had no choice, they still tended to attribute the essay’s position to the writer’s personal beliefs.
  • For example, if a writer presented a pro-Castro argument, participants often assumed the writer personally supported Castro, even if they knew the stance was assigned.
53
Q

conclusion of jones and Harris 1967 study

A
  • The study highlighted a cognitive bias where people tend to overestimate dispositional factors (e.g., personality, beliefs) and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behavior.
  • This bias became known as the Fundamental Attribution Error or Correspondence Bias.
54
Q

false consensus effect

A

the tendency for people to believe their own behavior is widely shared and their own views are consensual eg smoking (more people don’t mind smoking).

55
Q

what are some reasons for the false consensus effect

A
  1. we surround ourselves with similar others
  2. self as anchor - not adjusting from own view
56
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to attribute ones success to dispositional characteristics and ones failures to situational factors

57
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts used to make judgements, past experiences is used for quick decision

58
Q

advantage of cognitive shortcut

A

speed

59
Q

disadvantage of cognitive shortcut

A

not always accurate

60
Q

3 types of heuristic

A
  1. representativeness heuristic
  2. availability heuristic
  3. anchoring and adjusting heuristic
61
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

classifying something as belonging to a certain category to the extent that it is similar to the typical case
eg a girl with glasses is a librarian

62
Q

problems with representativeness heuristic

A

ignoring additional info eg base rate

63
Q

Availability heuristic

A

estimate likelihood of event by ease with which instances of that event come to mind

64
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

people incorrectly assume that the probability of two events occurring together (their conjunction) is more likely than the probability of either event occurring alone.

65
Q

anchoring and adjusting heuristic

A

Estimates are made by starting with an initial value (anchor) that is adjusted to reach an answer

66
Q

social physiology

A

the study of how thoughts, feelings, behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of definitional others

67
Q

impression formation.

A

the way in which we attribute specific traits to peoeple

68
Q

central traits

A

when people form impressions of other people, some traits have more influence than others in the final impression

69
Q

mma went to see a play last night with her friends; although she thought that the play was quite good, Emma is hesitant to express her thoughts on the play until her friends all say that they enjoyed it. Emma then says that she enjoyed it as well. Emma’s behaviour may best be explained in terms of which of the following?

A

social comparison theory

70
Q

who had an empiricist view

A

locke

71
Q

Which judgment heuristic is most likely a cause of the actor-observer difference?

A

availability

intro 2 psych (9 decks)

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