week 11 clinical psychology Flashcards
what determines mental illness
maladaptive
maladaptive
impaired ability to function which causes distress to individual and/or others
diathesis stress
predisposition + exposure to stressor = mental illness
5 axes of DSM-IV-TR
- major clinical disorders
- personality disorder
- accompanying medical/physical conditions
- accompanying social/environmental factors
- general assessment of functioning
DSM-V change in axes
non-axial assessment - removal of first 3 axes
separate assessment for other 2
1. psychosocial and environmental factors
2. disability
pros of diagnoses
- guides prognosis and treatment
- way of objectively classifying abnormal behavior that might be seen as eg evil
cons of diagnoses
- comorbidity
-low reliability - categories vs dimensions
- political and social influence eg homosexuality was seen as a mental illness
- stigma eg how others view them now
which approach to mental health does DSM reflect
biased towards medical perspective
earlier treatment
trephining - hole in skull to release evil spirits
eclectic
using whatever treatment fits best
psychodynamic approach to mental illness
unconscious conflicts of competing demands of id, ego and superego.
originating from childhood - biological urges
psychodynamic treatment goal of therapy
bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness and resolve conflict through insight
traditional psychoanalysis
free association, dream analysis, interpretation of resistance, transference, memory and manner of speech
modern psychoanalysis
focus more on social and interpersonal experiences, present life and ego
problems with psychoanalysis
time, requires more dedication from patient, difficult to estimate effectiveness
humanistic approach to mental illness
people are good and have innate worth
psychological problems are blockage of growth
humanistic treatment to mental illness
client centered therapy - carl rogers
client decides what to talk about with no judgement, unconditional positive regard
make congruence = difference between patients real self and ideal self
pros of humanistic treatment to mental illness
effective
cons of humanistic treatment to mental illness
client statements of progress may be inflated through positive reinforcement - client is never challenged
behavioral and cognitive approach to mental illness
behavior Is controlled by environment, peoples cognitions and both
goal of behavioral and cognative therapy
change maladaptive behavior and thinking patterns
systematic desensitization
- create fear hierarchy and learn deep muscle relaxation technique
- engage in relaxation
- start at bottom and move up hiearchy
- if upset, return to previous level, keep referring to relaxed state
attribution retraining of CBT
clients asked to take a more scientific and rational approach to determine cause of behavior
rational emotive therapy of CBT
directive, confrontational approach to change irrational beliefs
emotional consequence is caused by belief system NOT activating event
electroconvulsive therapy - ECT
biological treatment
used short term for sever depression
right hemisphere only to minimize damage to verbal memories
psychosurgery
brain surgery in absence of organic damage eg pre frontal lobotomy
anxiety
apprehension accompanied by physiological reactions
types of anxiety disorders
OCD, panic disorder, PTSD, phobia
obsession from OCD
recurrent thoughts, excessive worries
compulsion of OCD
the behavior
ritualized behaviors intended to reduce anxiety
phobia
irrational fear of specific objects or situation
somatoform disorders
symptoms suggest a medical condition but there is no evidence found by physician
somatisation disorder
wide ranging physical ailments without biological basis
rare and usually in women
conversion disorder
physical complaints that resemble neurological disorders without underlying organs causes
dissociative disorders
anxiety is reduced by a disruption in consciousness so causes changes in ones sense of identity
dissociative amnesia
memory loss thats more sever than normal forgetting and can’t be explained by a medical condition
may be linked to trauma
Dissociative fugue
specific form of dissociative amnesia where person deliberately leaves home and starts new life elsewhere
dissociative identity disorder
2 or more separate personalities in the same individual
personality disorders
- enduring inflexible behavior patterns
- respond inappropriately but unaware of problems
- differs from social expectations
- impaired functioning
cluster A personality disorder
eccentric
paranoid, Schizotypal and schizoid
cluster B personality disorder
dramatic
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
cluster C personality disorder
anxious
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-complusive
positive symptoms of SZ
delusions, hallucinations, irrational thinking, disorganized speech, catatonic behaviors
negative symptoms of SZ
emotional flatness, apathy (hygiene), alogia (difficulty speaking), withdrawal from others
cognitive symptoms of SZ
difficulty with concentration and memory
subtypes of SZ
paranoid = delusions of grandeur/persecutions
disorganized = disturbed thought, verbally incoherent and inappropriate affect eg laughing at sad news
catatonic = psychomotor disturbances eg catatonic posture
undifferentiated = meet diagnostic criteria but don’t conform to any subtype
mood disorders
psychological disorder of emotion, elevation or lowering of mood
mania
- inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- decreased need for sleep
- talkative
- flight of ideas and racing thoughts
- distractible
- excessive pleasurable activities with high risk
emotional symptoms depression
sad mood, loss of pleasure
cognitive symptoms depression
negative self-concept, self esteem, suicidal
motivational symptoms depression
change in activity, passivity, desire to withdraw from others
somatic symptoms depression
lack of sleep, appetite, sexual desire
bipolar
alternating episodes of mania and depression
treatment of bipolar
lithium to stabilise mood
During psychoanalysis, the client will attempt to prevent further insight into his or her unconscious motivations and desires because such insight is psychologically distressing. Freud called this process
resistance
