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intro 2 psych > week 5 perception > Flashcards

week 5 perception Flashcards

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1
Q

perception

A

integration of stimulation from cells, active process involving top-down process

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2
Q

top-down process

A

using memory, expectations, mood, contexts and beliefs on interpretation of information from senses

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3
Q

perceptual constancy

A

even though the information our senses receive changes, our brain helps us see the world as stable and consistent.

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4
Q

size constancy

A

we know an objects size doesn’t change even if it looks smaller when its far away

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5
Q

shape constancy

A

we know an objects shape stays the same even if it looks different in different angles

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6
Q

color constancy

A

we see colors the same even if lighting changes eg a face in day/night

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7
Q

brightness constancy

A

we know an objects brightness doesn’t change even if light level around does eg a white wall still looks white at night

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8
Q

brightness contrast

A

our perception of brightness is not solely dependent on the
absolute amount of light reflected from surface of an object, but
also on the amount of light reflected from other objects in the
vicinity.

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9
Q

examples of top down processes in perception

A

1) Phonemic restoration
2) Illusory contours
3) Degraded figures

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10
Q

perceptual set

A

readiness to interpret stimuli in a certain way depending on
expectations, experience and psychological state.

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11
Q

phenomic restoration

A

brain fills in missing sounds to complete words or phrases

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12
Q

illusory contours

A

visual perceptions of edges or boundaries that do not physically exist in the stimulus but are inferred by the brain based on surrounding visual information. These “invisible” edges are created by the brain to make sense of the image, filling in gaps to form a coherent shape or figure.

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13
Q

convergence

A

eyes move together as object gets closer; muscle tension is a
cue to how far away object is

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14
Q

Binocular (retinal) disparity

A

slightly different views of world presented to
each eye are interpreted by brain to give depth information

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15
Q

the further an object is from the observer, the less
____ between images projected on the retinas of 2 eyes

A

disparity

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16
Q

motion parallax

A

objects closer to observer appear to move faster

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17
Q

relative size

A

size of an object relative to others around It

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18
Q

moon illusion

A

moon on the horizon seems larger, we assume objects on horizon are farther away

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19
Q

linear perspective

A

apparent convergence of parallel lines on the horizon - converge at vanishing point

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20
Q

texture gradient

A

objects at a distance are denser, less detailed, and closer together

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21
Q

aerial perspective

A

distant objects are fuzzy due to moisture and particles in the air

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22
Q

occlusion

A

objects that block others are percieved to be closer

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23
Q

Muller-Lyer illusion

A

depth cues suggest the “long” line is closer, the principle
of size constancy causes us to see same size retina image as larger (similar to
moon illusion)

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24
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

linear perspective suggests that object is further away;
perceptual system makes same size retinal image seem larger (size constancy).

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25
Q

The Ames room illusion

A

all depth cues suggest these people are the same
distance from the observer; however, they are not

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26
Q

what does the perceptual system compensate for

A

voluntary eye movements

27
Q

phi-phenomenon

A

two or more stationary lights are turned on and off in quick succession, creating the illusion of motion.

28
Q

apparent motion

A

perceptual system fills in the gaps on successive, motionless images

29
Q

induced motion

A

if objects near a stationary one are moving, the stationary one also appears to move

30
Q

motion after-effect

A

after moving forward for some time then stop, scenery outside seems like its moving backwards slightly

31
Q

gestalt

A

perceiving the object as a whole first then analysing the parts

32
Q

feature analysis

A

analyzing parts of objects first then object as a whole

33
Q

what process does feature analysis use

A

bottom-up process

34
Q

how do we recognize letters

A

activated feature detector cells in turn activate different stored representations of letters in memory, memory representation that is most activated wins

35
Q

what cell layer in the eye does light hit first

A

ganglion cell layer

36
Q

what cell layer does light travel to after ganglion cell layer

A

bipolar cell layer

37
Q

what process does gestalt

A

top-down process

38
Q

figure/Ground Distinction

A

Our brain automatically separates what we focus on (the figure) from everything else around it (the ground)

39
Q

how are gestalts formed

A

organising principles then grouping them

40
Q

give 3 grouping principles

A

proximity, good continuation and closure

41
Q

how can proximity be applied to sound perception

A

proximity of notes in a song allow you to hear successive notes as belonging to a melody

42
Q

how can good continuation be applied to sound perception

A

allows you to pick out the melody in the presence of
other background harmonies

43
Q

how can closure be applied to sound perception

A

allows you to fill in the gaps of a radio announcer who is
competing with a lot of static that cuts out several of his words

44
Q

evidence for nature inborn

A

at 6 months, infants will not go to beckoning mother if there is a
visual cliff
shows that infants at 6 months respond to depth cues
ii] Newborns show preference for shapes that resemble human face

45
Q

evidence for nurture

A

feature detector cells can be trained to be sensitive to particular orientation

46
Q

what was blakemoor and Cooper kitten experiment findings

A

The kittens that had been raised in an environment with only vertical stripes had difficulty perceiving horizontal lines later on, and vice versa.
This suggests that the kittens’ brains had adapted to processing only the type of visual information (vertical or horizontal) they were exposed to during their early development. Their brains had become “tuned” to those specific orientations.

47
Q

As you watch a door opening, the shape projected on your retinas changes drastically, yet you still perceive the door to have the same shape rather than its shape changing. This illustrates the principle of

A

perceptual constancy

48
Q

A binocular depth cue is:

A

binocular aka retinal disparity

49
Q

Using audition, a person can use ____ to infer the location of an object

A

intensity of sound at each ear

50
Q

recognition of objects can be aided by

A

adding context cues

51
Q

A perception based on information about the elements of a stimulus, beginning with the image that falls on the retina, is called __________ processing:

A

bottom up

52
Q

When we focus on an object, the images of other objects in the environment, at different distances, will fall on different portions of the two retinas. The degree of difference produced by the images of an object on the two retinas is called binocular __________ and provides an important cue about its distance:

A

disparity

53
Q

The Ponzo illusion relies on which depth cue to create the illusion:

A

linear perspective

54
Q

ponzo illusion

A

two parallel lines of equal length appear to be different in length due to converging lines that surround them

55
Q

Some computer animations and “moving” neon signs make use of the __________ to give the illusion of movement:

A

phi phenomenon

56
Q

what is texture gradient an example of

A

monocular depth cue

57
Q

A cue to depth that is based on muscle strain as your eyes move together as an object gets closer is
called

A

convergence

58
Q

jack looks out on some mountains and sees that some seem fuzzy due to
moisture in the air. John determines that
the “fuzzier” mountains are far away. This
is called

A

aerial perspective

59
Q

The Muller-Lyer illusion (when two
vertical lines are equal in length but
one appears longer due to other
attached lines) relies on
_______________ to fool us

A

depth cues

60
Q

_________ is the readiness to interpret stimuli in a certain way depending on expectations, experience and psychological state.

A

perceptual set

61
Q

____________ distance is the distance
between the observer and object,
whereas ____________ distance is the
distance between objects.

A

absolute, relative

62
Q

Different ________ cells are activated when different stimulus features are presented.

A

ganglion

63
Q
A

intro 2 psych (9 decks)

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