week 1 science of psychology

Question 1

What philosophical traditions influenced early psychology?

Answer 1

Aristotle, Plato, and Descartes initiated interest in psychology

Question 2

What concept did Rene Descartes propose regarding the mind and body?

Answer 2

Dualism

Question 3

what is dualism?

Answer 3

the separation of mind and body.

Question 4

What is Descartes’ famous hypothetical concept about skepticism and perception?

Answer 4

The “Malevolent Demon” and the “Brain in the Vat.”

Question 5

Who is considered the founder of structuralism?

Answer 5

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 6

what is structuralisms main method

Answer 6

introspection

Question 7

what is functionalism and who founded it

Answer 7

studies how organisms adapt - William James

Question 8

which evolutionary theory influenced functionalism

Answer 8

Darwins theory of evolution

Question 9

introspection

Answer 9

breaking down consciousness into its component parts

Question 10

when was Wundts first lab experiment

Answer 10

1879

Question 11

what book did William James write

Answer 11

principles of psychology

Question 12

what is behaviorism

Answer 12

scientific study of observable behavior, ignoring the “mind” as a black box.

Question 13

Name three key figures in behaviorism.

Answer 13

Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner.

Question 14

what is classical conditioning

Answer 14

Learning through associations

Question 15

key figures in classical conditioning studies

Answer 15

pavlov and watson

Question 16

what is operant conditioning

Answer 16

Behavior shaped by reinforcement and punishment

Question 17

main researcher into operant conditioning

Answer 17

skinner

Question 18

What is cognitive psychology’s main focus?

Answer 18

The scientific study of mental processes.

Question 19

What movement brought rigorous control to the study of mental processes?

Answer 19

cognitive revolution

Question 20

key figures in humanistic psych

Answer 20

rogers and Maslow

Question 21

main idea behind humanism

Answer 21

emphasis on free will, personal goals and self-actualisation

Question 22

why is the humanistic approach not deterministic

Answer 22

gives free will

Question 23

What does psychodynamic psychology emphasize?

Answer 23

Unconscious forces shaping personality and behavior, founded by Freud and Jung.

Question 24

What are the three components of personality according to Freud?

Answer 24

Id, Ego, and Superego.

Question 25

what does the psychodynamic approach say people are born with

Answer 25

instincts and needs controlled by the unconscious mind

Question 26

what affects development of adult personality according to the psychodynamic approach

Answer 26

childhood experiences

Question 27

What is the focus of biological psychology?

Answer 27

Linking behavior and mental processes to physical causes like brain activity.

Question 28

What field studies the connection between the brain and cognition?

Answer 28

cognitive neuroscience

Question 29

What does evolutionary psychology study?

Answer 29

How genetics and evolution influence behavior, drawing on Darwin's theories.

Question 30

why has the psychodynamic approach been criticized

Answer 30

because of the difficulty in testing the theories it presents and some of the notions are far fetched eg penis envy

Question 31

2 main researchers in the biological approach

Answer 31

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke

Question 32

what is the reason for existence according to the evolutionary approach

Answer 32

to reproduce genes

Question 33

what are 3 things needed for evolution to work?

Answer 33

1. A self-replicating unit (usually a gene) 2. Some random variability in its replication (mutation) 3. Pressure to select on that variability

Question 34

Who pioneered early memory research?

Answer 34

Hermann Ebbinghaus.

Question 35

What therapy is Carl Rogers known for?

Answer 35

Client-centered therapy focusing on the "self."

Question 36

What is Maslow famous for?

Answer 36

The hierarchy of needs.

Question 37

Decartes described how our conscious experience could be an illusion if input from our sense were controlled by a

Answer 37

malevolent demon

Question 38

what does malevolent demon refer to

Answer 38

the possibility of an external force manipulating his perceptions so everything he experienced could be fabricated

Question 39

what is the method of doubt by decartes?

Answer 39

he doubted everything that could be doubted in order to establish a foundation for certain knowledge

Question 40

The behaviourist Skinner and the humanist Rogers debated over the existence of______.

Answer 40

free will

Question 41

A guest at a party says that the psychodynamic and behavioural approaches to psychology are quite similar. You disagree and say the behavioural approach stresses ______ while the psychodynamic model emphasises ______.

Answer 41

overt behaviour; unconscious conflicts

Question 42

Functionalism was a school of thought that originated in which country?

Answer 42

United States

Question 43

Skinner dedicated most of his career to studying______.

Answer 43

operant conditioning

Question 44

Which approach in psychology pays the most attention to the concept of natural selection?

Answer 44

evolutionary

Question 45

The popularity of structuralism waned in part because _______.

Answer 45

the focus in psychology shifted to the study of human behaviour

Question 46

The application Darwin’s theory of evolution to the understanding of human social behaviour is known as ________?

Answer 46

sociobiology

Question 47

If a neutral stimulus (e.g., bell) is paired with a stimulus that has innate value (e.g., food), it will eventually produce a

Answer 47

conditioned response