Week 9: Gender Development Flashcards
What is sex?
assigned sex at birth
What is gender?
characteristics that may be the result of developmental and social experiences
What are sex differences?
a difference between assigned males and females that is based on chromosomes (ex: woman have a uterus, males dont)
What are gender differences?
a difference between genders that is thought to be based on mainly cultural and social factors (boys play with trucks and girls play with barbies is an example)
What is a gender role?
a set of shared cultural expectations that outlines the attitudes and behaviours an individual should display
Is gender a basic category that helps adolescents understand themselves and others?
YES
What is gender typing?
When children come to take on their gender roles that are EXPECTED in their society
From the moment of conception, males and females are different genetically. Why and provide an example.
- HORMONES!!! –> organize the structure and functions of body
ex: high levels of prenatal testosterone in the 8th week = male seeming genitals
low levels of testosterone “”” = female seeming genitals
Can levels of testosterone differ from sex prenatall?
yes
If a female fetus is exposed to high levels of testosterone prenatally, will she be more likely to play with masculine toys or feminine toys?
masculine toys
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
exposure of high levels of androgens that “masculinize” parts of the brain
- lead to identifying with typical male roles
Does socialization play a role in gender development? If so how?
YES!
- parents/teachers/siblings/peers serve as MODELS of gender-linked attitudes and behaviours
- praise that is direct or indirect for gender-appropriate/inappropriate behaviours
- media
Does socialization of gender roles begin before birth? If so, how?
YES!
- decor, clothing, toys
ex: girls wear pink/boys wear blue, girls play with dolls/boys play with trucks
What is one social theory that explains gender development?
- Banduras social Cognitive theory
What is Banduras social cognitive theory in relation to gender development?
personal factors that interact with learned behaviours and social influences to produce tendencies to act certain ways
OBSERVATION LEADS TO LEARNING!!!***
we create our own personal set of gender role standards that override what we see from others
ex: not rolling in mud just because she was told it’s “unlady like” is not going to stop her
What 2 cognitive theories is in relation to Gender Development?
Kohlberg and Gender Identity
Gender Schema Theory (by Martin and Halvorsen)
What is Kohlberg and Gender identity theory in 3 stages?
- Basic gender identity (label boy or girl)
- gender stability (stable over time )
- gender consistency (stable across situations)
What is Gender identity in Kohlbergs theory?
Child has an understanding of boy and girl labelling
What is Gender stability in Kohlbergs theory?
Child has an understanding of boy and girl and aware that it is FIXED/ doesn’t change and will remain male/female when older
What is Gender consistency in Kohlberg’s theory?
stable across situations
when the child understands that cosmetic changes will not alter sex
For example, a girl wearing jeans is still female
What is the Gender Schema Cognitive Theory in relation to gender development?
puts a stress on the ways children, adolescents and adults gather info about gender
motivates the child to learn about sexes and incorporate this information into “gender schemas”
Look at slide 15 for integrative approaches
What is the gender intensification hypothesis?
events during adolescence that make their own contributions to gender development
early adolescence brings far-reaching changes (physcially/socially) and pressures (internal or external) that shape them to conform to cullturally sanctioned gender roles
What is transgender?
a person who gender identity differs from the sex the person was indentified as having at birth
man at birth –> women identity
What is a transition in gender development terms?
when a person who is transgender transitions from their assigned sex to their self-identified gender
through:
- dress
-medications
- hormone therapy
- surgery
Is there lower expectancies of girls in technical fields?
Yes
What process is it called when a girl tends to see their accomplishments in math and science as having less personal value and importance?
learned helplessness
What is a stereotype threat and give an example?
factor that may interfere with the performance of those who belong to groups that are the target of negative stereotypes by arousing anxiety that they will fail —> therefore confirming to stereotype
ex: : Asked to indicate their gender at the beginning of a math test, female college students do more poorly than females who are not asked to indicate their gender
Are girls or boys more effected by personal relationships?
Girls
What is “false self”?
pretenses to protect relationships by hiding one’s thoughts, feelings, and needs
What is Gilligan’s loss of voice?
When girls lose voice in adolescence
- believe girls’ sensitivity to others not valued
Does self esteem rise or decline in adolescents?
Declines
Is there higher rates of depression, lower self esteem, and suicide attempts in 2SLGBTQIA+ community?
YES
2SLGBTQIA+ are being bullied, harassed, and victimized in schools at disproportionate rates when compared to their heterosexual and cisgender people. True or false?
True
Black, indigenous 2SLGBTQIA+ students might suffer greater victimization than their white peers. True or False?
True
What are 4 factors that impact resilience in the 2SLGBTQIA+ community?
- caring and loving relationships –> offer SUPPORT
- building a positive identity around gender orientation (ACCEPTANCE)
- community involvement
- non-judgement zone
Do women or men be more emotional?
women
Are women or men more likely to express anger?
men
are women or men more likely to be depressed in adolescence?
either! –> into adulthood however, twice as likely for women:(
Why are women more likely to be more depressed into adulthood?
- girls tend to worry about their problems while boys tend to distract themselves from negative feelings
- greater importance in romantic relationships
Are boys more physically aggressive on average?
YES
Does the aggression decline over adolescence?
YES
What is relational aggression?
harming another’s social relationships –> talking shit about others to harm their relationships
Do women use more physical or relational aggression?
Relational aggression
What are girls personal relationships like?
relationship goals friendship
support
involvement
more conversation
more self disclosure
lots of “co-rumination” –> dwelling on probs with da girls
What are boys personal relationships like?
- larger
- less intimate –> could be linked to homophobia
- topics are different than girls
Do gender roles differ across cultures? what is traditional vs modern?
YES
traditional = men dominate
modern = equal opportunities
What can we do to be mindful of gender and 2SLGBTQIA+ community? (x5)
- use gender inclusive language
- proper pronouns
- be critical of programs and policies
- challenge stereotypes and discrimination
- make the commitment to change
look at guest lecture to study
