Week 12: Challenges and Positive Prospects Flashcards
What is the time of adolescence for?
“trying things out” (alcohol, weed, etc…)
drops off in early adulthood and “grow out of it”
What are 2 kinds of problems?
- Internalized problems
- Externalized problems
What are internalized problems and provide an example?
- turning one’s difficulties inward toward the self
- tend to be overcontrolled
- more common in girls
ex: depression, anxiety, eating disorders
What are externalized problems and provide an example?
- turning one’s difficulties toward the external world
- tend to be under controlled
- more common in boys
- ex: agression, deliquency, anti-social behaviours, substance abuse
What is deliquency?
can refer to a wide variety of actions by juveniles that violate the law
include status offences (running away from home, drinking under age, violating curfew, etc…)
what type of crime is of most concern in adolescence?
Index crimes
What 2 categories do index crimes consist of?
- violent –> rape, murder, aggravated assault
- property –> burglary, arson, car theft
What ethnic population is most likely to be targeted to some offence in USA?
racialized youth
In canada, what ethnic population is more likely to be targeted in offence?
Indigenous youth
What are two types of persistences in delinquency?
- Life course-persistent offender
- Adolescent-limited offender
What is a Life course-persistent offender ?
adolescent whose antisocial behaviour first appears in childhood and CONTINUES into adulthood
- repetitive
- more impulsive, restless, trouble controlling anger, come from bad home environments
What is an Adolescent-limited offender?
- only involved in the antisocial behaviour in adolescence
- GROWS OUT of behaviours
- usually due to less parental monitoring
What are 4 characteristics that make an adolescent more likely to be delinquent?
- specific gene not being able to metabolize a neurotransmitter involved in self-control
- Hormonal system function –> consistently low cortisol levels or lots of stress throwing cortisol out of whack
- learning disabilities
- hostile attribution bias
What is hostile attribution bias?
a tendency to interpret ambiguous cues and situations as a reflecting hostile intent and to repsond aggressively to them quickly
ex:
a person with a high level of hostile attribution bias might see two people laughing together and make the assumption that they are laughing about them
Do peers and families have an impact on whether an adolescent is delinquent? If so, why?
YES!
- if peers are delinquent, then they are at greater risk of being deviant too
- family poverty, families being more coercive, or a family conflict all increase risk of delinquency in child
Are there youth gangs in Canada? If so, what are they?
YES
young people who:
- self-identify as a group
- perceived by others as a distinct group
- involved in a lot of delinquent incidents that produce negative responses from community and police
Why is it easy to recruit for a youth gang at this age?
big stage of development and looking for identity!
at this age they go for people who are vulnerable and looking for a sense of community
What is the difference between substance use that is “recreational” vs “instrumental”?
recreational = done for the sake of feeling the effects of the substance (“for fun” or “to just get drunk”)
instrumental = a way of reaching some socially acceptable goal
What is the difference between substance use that is “licit” vs “illicit”?
licit = legal to do (ex: like drinking coffee)
illicit = NOT legal to do (ex: alcohol is NOT legal under age of 19 in Ontario)
Are many adolescents in Canada drawn to substance use?
YES
What are “psychoactive substances”?
affect the user’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviour
could lead to a drug dependence –> bad withdrawl symptoms if trying to stop
What is the difference between the two eating disorders: Anorexia nervosa vs Bulimia?
Anorexia nervosa = a distorted view of one’s weight and body shape and an intense fear of getting fat —> leading to starving yourself
Bulimia = person alternates between binge overeating and purging
Does internalizing problems have a lasting impact on physical health children aged 8-20?
YES
What 2 populations are most likely to developing an eating disorder?
- females
- 2LGBTQS+ community
What are 3 common treatments for eating disorders?
- family therapy
- CBT
- DBT
What is the “diathesis stress model” of depression?
depression results from a combo of…
1. predisposing vulnerability (diathesis)
2. impact of negative events (stress)
What are 3 cognitive factors that are common in depression?
- learned helplessness (deep pessimistic attitude that results in not doing anything because “you are not going to succeed anyways”)
- Rumination (always dwelling on negative events)
- hopelessness (see negative events as uncontrollable)
Can anxiety be a normal emotional and physiological response to potential threats?
YES
What is the most common anxiety?
generalized anxiety disorder
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
a condition of excessive worry about everyday issues and situations for at least 6 months
Are the levels of anxiety rising in Canada for adolescents?
YES!
What are the 3 additional factors of immigrant youth that could cause them to internalize their problems more?
- higher number of traumatic events exposed to
- higher peer problems and lower prosocial behaviours
- barriers accessing mental health supports
Immigrant youth do not show substantial resilience. true or false
FALSE
- they do! –> they have protective factors! (peer and social support, religious beliefs, integration into host community)
What is the second leading cause of death among Canadian adolescents?
suicide
What are two populations that are most likely to have highest rates of suicide in Canada?
- 2LGBTOS+
- Indigenous youth
What indigenous ethnicity has the highest rate of suicide in the world?
Inuit
What are some risk factors to suicide?
- an earlier, unsuccessful attempt
-trauma - depression
- poverty
- lonliness
- bullying
- racism
- suicide attempt by family member
What are therapy options for suicide and what is the key to treatment?
- family
- CBT
- DBT
key –> support, coping, and caring
What is the shift in focus for treating adolescents problems?
focus on understanding, educating, and engaging with children in productive activities rather than correcting, curing or treating them
What is stress?
a physical, hormonal, and psychological response to the perception of danger or threat
During puberty, does the body become more or less sensitive to stress?
more sensitive
Are teens at greater risk for the negative consequences of threats?
YES
What is coping?
the various ways adolescents develop to handle situations that create stress
What are two processes that are linked to coping?
- impulsive “hot” system
- “cool” regulatory system
What does the impulsive “hot” system do in coping?
reacts to acute situations almost AUTOMATICALLY
What does the “cool” regulatory system do in coping?
plans, guides, and organizes the response to the situation
What are two types of coping?
- Problem-focused
- Emotion - focused
What is problem-focused coping and provide an example?
- confronting situation and trying to manage it
- trying to manage a stressful situation by analyzing it and mobilizing the means to change it in a positive direction
ex: creating a to do list to manage the stressful situation of having a lot of assignments due
What is emotion-focused coping and provide an example?
trying to manage the negative psychological effects of a stressful situation that does not seem open to being changed
- minimizing importance of situation, seeing causes as external and temporary
ex: journaling –> instead of trying to meet new people, you might journal when you feel lonely to try to process what you’re feeling
what are 3 sources of coping?
- temperament
- gender and gender identity
- leisure activites
What is the difference in gender for coping strategies?
higher femininity = prefer emotion focused
higher masculinity = prefer problem focused
What is the difference between “avoidance type coping” vs “active coping” in leisure activities?
avoidance type = use leisure to avoid dealing directly with stressful demands
active coping = using the physical activity itself to deal with or manage stressful demands
Can experiences and relationships with parents play a role in coping abilities?
YES
What can parents do for coping?
- can shield children from stressors and teach them to learn from bad experiences
- can provide emotional and practical support
What parenting style is effective for coping of adolescents?
authoritative
What is the self-determination theory in terms of parenting and coping?
autonomy supportive parenting fulfills 3 basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness)
What type of teaching is most effective for coping of students?
autonomy supportive teaching
What is resilience?
the capacity to develop normally and positively under difficult conditions
Can school play an important role in fostering resilience?
YES
Risk factors have been linked to emergence of problems during adolesence. true or false
TRUE
What are the “5 C’s of thriving”?
- Competence
- Confidence
- Character
- Connection
- Caring
What does “competence” mean for what it takes to thrive?
being aware that one can act effectively in specific domains
What does “confidence” mean for what it takes to thrive?
internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy
What does “character” mean for what it takes to thrive?
having respect for social and cultural values
What does “connection” mean for what it takes to thrive?
developing positive bonds with others
- leads to exchanges in which both parties contribute to the growth of the relationship
What does “caring” mean for what it takes to thrive?
having a sense of sympathy and compassion for others
Is thriving a dynamic process?
YES
What is an “adaptive developmental regulation”?
interaction between individual and context that promotes changes in both
results in a sense of well-being in the present
overtime promotes THRIVING and POSITIVE thoughts into adulthood
What are some personal resources that help adolescents develop positively and thrive?
⚬ Critical thinking
⚬ Positive self-regard
⚬ Emotional self-regulation
⚬ Coping skills
⚬ Conflict resolution skills
⚬ Mastery motivation
⚬ Sense of self-efficacy
⚬ A sense of responsibility for the self
⚬ Optimism coupled with realism
⚬ Positive personal identity
⚬ Desire to plan for the future
⚬ Sense of purpose in life
Do different settings and contexts have different behaviours towards thriving?
YES
What are some external resources that promote positive development depending on the context?
⚬ Physical and psychological safety
⚬ Appropriate structure
⚬ Supportive relationship
⚬ Opportunity to belong
⚬ Positive social norms
⚬ Support for efficacy and mattering
⚬ Opportunity for skill building
⚬ Integration of efforts
What are 3 examples of external resources that promote a positive development in adolescence?
- Structured activities that include positive
sustained relationships between teens and
adults, activities that build competencies,
and ways to use skills - Schools –> sense of membership
- neighbourhoods –> make
physical and institutional resources accessible and
welcoming (libraries, sports facilities, community centers)
what is initiative?
the ability to motivate oneself to strive toward a
challenging goal
What is interest?
a quality that focuses attention on certain activities and motivates the person to engage in them
What is engagement?
an outcome when teens see themselves as active and
welcome participants in the development of their community
What is the pursuit of happiness?
- living a life that is good for one to live
may include the pursuit of:
- pleasure
- meaning
- engagement
What is hope?
the capacity to imagine a better life to, to want it, and to believe in the possibility that it can be achieved
Are many of the challenges in adolescence the same as emerging adulthood but just more added freedom?
YES
What does emerging adulthood look like?
- cognition: postformal thinking
- Family: Moving out, closer relationship with
parents - School & Work: jobs, post-secondary education
- Identity: continuous development
- Intimacy: hooking up, dating, marriage
