week 9 - female reproductive

Question 1

puberty

Answer 1

the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature

Question 2

menarche

Answer 2

the first occurrence of menstruation

Question 3

menstrual cycle

Answer 3

the process of ovulation and menstruation in women

Question 4

ovarian cycle

Answer 4

The ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs, while the menstrual cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining

Question 5

pregency

Answer 5

Successful fertilization results in pregnancy of the female

Question 6

parturition

Answer 6

the action of giving birth to young

Question 7

puerperium

Answer 7

the period of about six weeks after childbirth during which the mother’s reproductive organs return to their original nonpregnant condition.

Question 8

lactation

Answer 8

the process of making human milk

Question 9

climacteric

Answer 9

the period of life starting from the decline in ovarian activity until after the end of ovarian function.

Question 10

menopause

Answer 10

a point in time 12 months after a woman’s last period

Question 11

Recall the source and actions of the anterior pituitary gonadotropins.

Answer 11

Pituitary gonadotropins act on the granulosa cells of the ovaries to stimulate synthesis and production of both steroid hormones, such as progesterone, and peptide hormones, such as inhibin.

Question 12

Recall the structure and function of the female sex gonads.

Answer 12

The female gonads, the ovaries, are a pair of reproductive glands. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus, and they have two functions: They produce eggs and female hormones.

Question 13

two hormonal stimuli and their source which initiate the onset of puberty in the female

Answer 13

In girls, FSH and LH target the ovaries, which contain eggs that have been there since birth. The hormones stimulate the ovaries to begin producing another hormone called estrogen. Estrogen, along with FSH and LH, causes a girl’s body to mature and prepares her for pregnancy.

Question 14

primary action of each hormone on the female sex gonad

Answer 14

In females, LH stimulates steroid release from the ovaries, ovulation, and the release of progesterone after ovulation by the corpus luteum

FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries

Question 15

four physical signs of sexual maturation

Answer 15

breast budding is the first visible sign of sexual maturation, followed closely by the initiation of the growth spurt. Shortly thereafter, pubic and axillary hair appears. Menarche generally occurs about 2 years after onset of breast development and when growth in height slows after reaching its peak.

Question 16

two hormones and their source which are responsible for the appearance of the female secondary sex characteristics and menarche

Answer 16

Estorgen, progestron

Question 17

State the four phases of the average female reproductive cycle.

Answer 17

The four phases of the menstrual cycle are menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase

Question 18

ovarian cycle

Answer 18

The ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs, while the menstrual cycle
governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining. The brain, ovaries, and uterus work together and
communicate through hormones (chemical signals sent through the blood from one part of the body to another)
to keep the cycle going. These cycles occur concurrently and are coordinated over a 22–32 day cycle, with an
average length of 28 days.

Question 19

mensetruation

Answer 19

The period—the shedding of the uterine lining. Levels of estrogen and
progesterone are low

Question 20

follicular phase

Answer 20

The time between the first day of the period and ovulation. Estrogen rises
as an egg prepares to be released.

Question 21

proliferative phase

Answer 21

After the period, the uterine lining builds back up again.

Question 22

ovulation

Answer 22

The release of the egg from the ovary, mid-cycle. Estrogen peaks just beforehand,
and then drops shortly afterwards.

Question 23

luteal phase

Answer 23

The time between ovulation and before the start of menstruation, when the
body prepares for a possible pregnancy. Progesterone is produced, peaks, and then drops.

Question 24

secretory phase

Answer 24

The uterine lining produces chemicals that will either help support an early
pregnancy or will prepare the lining to break down and shed if pregnancy doesn’t occur.

Question 25

phases of the ovarian cycke

Answer 25

1. Follicular (preovulatory) phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal (postovulatory) phase, whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation,
   proliferative (postmenstrual) phase and secretory (premenstrual) phase.

Question 26

stages of the uterine cycle

Answer 26

1. Menstruation
2. Proliferative (postmenstrual) phase
3. Secretory (premenstrual) phase.

Question 27

ovarian cycle

Answer 27

The first half of the ovarian cycle is the follicular phase. Slowly rising levels of FSH and LH cause the growth of
follicles on the surface of the ovary. This process prepares the egg for ovulation. As the follicles grow, they begin
releasing estrogens and a low level of progesterone. Progesterone maintains the endometrium to help ensure
pregnancy. If pregnancy implantation does not occur, the lining is sloughed off. After about five days, estrogen
levels rise and the menstrual cycle enters the proliferative phase. The endometrium begins to regrow, replacing
the blood vessels and glands that deteriorated during the end of the last cycle.

Question 28

ovulation

Answer 28

The dominant follicle in the ovary produces more and more estrogen as it grows larger. The dominant follicle
reaches about 2 cm (0.8 in)—but can be up to 3 cm—at its largest right before ovulation. When estrogen levels
are high enough, they signal to the brain causing a dramatic increase in luteinizing hormone (LH). This spike is
what causes ovulation (release of the egg from the ovary) to occur. Ovulation usually happens about 13-15 days
before the start of the next period.
Once ovulation occurs, the follicle that contained the egg transforms into something called a corpus luteum and
begins to produce progesterone as well as estrogen.

Question 29

ovary: luteal phase

Answer 29

Following ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters its luteal phase, and the menstrual cycle enters its secretory phase,
both of which run from about day 15 to 28. The luteal and secretory phases refer to changes in the ruptured
follicle. The cells in the follicle undergo physical changes and produce a structure called a corpus luteum. The
corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone. The progesterone facilitates the regrowth of the uterine
lining and inhibits the release of further FSH and LH. The uterus is being prepared to accept a fertilized egg,
should it occur during this cycle. The inhibition of FSH and LH prevents any further eggs and follicles from
developing, while the progesterone is elevated. The level of estrogen produced by the corpus luteum increases to
a steady level for the next few days.

Question 30

uterus: progliferative phase

Answer 30

While the ovaries are working on developing the egg-containing follicles, the uterus is responding to the
estrogen produced by the follicles, rebuilding the lining that was just shed during the last period. This is
called the proliferative phase because the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) becomes thicker. The
endometrium is thinnest during the period, and thickens throughout this phase until ovulation occurs.
The uterus does this to create a place where a potential fertilized egg can implant and grow.

Question 31

uterus:secretory phase

Answer 31

During this phase, the endometrium prepares to either support a pregnancy or to break down for
menstruation. Rising levels of progesterone cause the endometrium to stop thickening and to start
preparing for the potential attachment of a fertilized egg.
The secretory phase gets its name because the endometrium is secreting (producing and releasing) many
types of chemical messengers. The most notable of these messengers are the prostaglandins, which are
secreted by endometrial cells and cause changes to other cells nearby.

Question 32

uterus: menstruation

Answer 32

Each menstrual cycle starts with menstruation (the period). A period is the normal shedding of blood and
endometrium (the lining of the uterus) through the cervix and vagina. A normal period may last up to 8 days, but
on average lasts about 5 or 6.