week 8 - blood groups Flashcards
anitgen
Blood group antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells and are ignored by the immune system. But antigens of another blood type will be seen as foreign, and attacked by antibodies.
antibody
Antibodies are produced by white blood cells and used by the immune system to identify and attack foreign substances in the body.
two major blood group classifications of man
ABO (weather its A, B, AB, O) and Rh (weather its positive or negative)
antigens def
a) names of three genetically-determined antigens
A antigen, B antigen, A and B antigen
b) location of antigens in blood
Blood group antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells
c) synonym used in reference to blood antigen
exogenous
antibodies def
a) names of two genetically-determined antibodies
Anti A, Anti B
b) location of antibodies in the blood
plasma
c) synonym used in reference to blood antibody
enougenous
State the three principles, given below, that identify which genetically-determined antibodies are present in human blood:
a) plasma never contains antibodies against genetically determined antigens on the red blood cells
b) plasma contains antibodies against genetically-determined antigens of the ABO classification not present on the red blood cells
c) in the Rh classification, Rh antibodies are not normally found in the plasma of Rh- people
an antigen meets its corresponding antibody Rh Blood Group
This is because an Rh-positive blood transfusion can cause a person with Rh negative blood to make antibodies against the Rh factor, causing a transfusion reaction
a) an individual receives an antigen that is foreign to his system
Antibodies attack by binding to the foreign antigens on the surface of red blood cells. This ultimately causes those red blood cells to rupture, destroying them entirely. The reaction between red cells and corresponding antibodies usually results in clumping—agglutination—of the red cells
Explain why an Rh- individual would develop Rh+ antibodies after receiving a transfusion of Rh+ blood
Because the antibodies were not originally there. A adaptive immune response would lead to plasma cells producing antibodies and multiplying, while also creating memory
Describe and explain the physiological events which are of concern when an Rhmother is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus
a) the first time
Not exposed until birth, when the birth happens they will then make the antibodies for the opposite antigens
b) a second time Blood Transfusion Reactions
Mom now has antibodies, which can then mix which ends up attacking the baby while still in womb can attack Rh positive red blood cells
trasnferusion reaction
A hemolytic transfusion reaction is a serious complication that can occur after a blood transfusion. The reaction occurs when the red blood cells that were given during the transfusion are destroyed by the person’s immune system. When red blood cells are destroyed, the process is called hemolysis
agglutination
the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglution (clumping)
hemolysis
the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid
State the two principles which determine whether a major or minor blood antigen antibody reaction (transfusion reaction) will occur
a) a major transfusion reaction occurs when the recipient receives donor antigens. This results in the recipient producing antibodies which agglutinate the donor’s red blood cells.
b) a minor transfusion reaction occurs when the recipient receives donor antibodies which agglutinate some of the recipient’s red blood cells
