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BIOL 1260 > Week 5 - Nervous System, Special Senses > Flashcards

Week 5 - Nervous System, Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

special sense

A

vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium

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2
Q

lacrimnal gland

A

located in orbit above lateral end of the eye and secretes lacrimal secretion (tears)

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3
Q

types of conjunctvia

A

conjunctiva - transparent mucous membrane that produces

palpebral conjunctvia- membrane that lines underside of eyelid

bulbar conjunctvia- membrane that covers the white of eyes (not corena)

conjunctival sac- space between palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva

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4
Q

muscles of eye

A

lateral rectus- moves eye laterally - abducen cranial nerve
medial rectus - moves eye medial - oculomotor cranial nerve
superior rectus - moves eye superiorally - oculomotor cranial nerve
infeiour rectus - moves eye inferiorlly - oculomotor cranial nerve
inferior oblique- elevates and laterally turns -oculomotor cranial nerve
superior oblique - depresses eye and turns it laterally -trochlear

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5
Q

fibrous structure of eyeh89tefiuhfddfrdfrz

A

dense avscular connective tissue
sclera- protects and shapes eyeball, anchors extrinsic eye muscles, where optic nerve exits

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6
Q

mechorececptors

A

a) the types of stimuli detected by receptors
Detect mechanical stimuli - provides sensations fo touch, pressure vibration and hearing
b) the location(s) of each type of receptor
within joint capsular tissues, ligaments, tendons, muscle, and skin

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7
Q

themrorecpetors

A

a) the types of stimuli detected by receptors
warmth/cold
b) the location(s) of each type of receptor
Free nerve ending in skin/mucous membranes of mouth, vagina and anus

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8
Q

chemoreceptors

A

a) the types of stimuli detected by receptors
Detects chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (semll) and body fluids
b) the location(s) of each type of receptor
everywhere

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9
Q

nonciceptors

A

a) the types of stimuli detected by receptors
pain
b) the location(s) of each type of receptor
Free nerve endings in every body tissue expect brain

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10
Q

photoreceptors

A

a) the types of stimuli detected by receptors
Detetcts light that strikes retina
b) the location(s) of each type of receptor
Retina in the eye

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11
Q

general vs special senses

A

a) degree of complexity of receptor and neural pathway
Special senses have specialized sense organs and include vision (eyes), hearing (ears), balance (ears), taste (tongue), and smell (nasal passages). General senses are all associated with touch and lack special sense organs
b) three examples of each type of sense
Special - touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing
General - pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception.

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12
Q

sclera

A

a) the location
Opaque posterior region, posteriorly where optic nerve exits, sclera is continuous with dura mater of brain
b) the structural characteristics
Dense avascular connective tissue
c) the function(s)
potects/anchors eye, anchors extrinsic eye muscles

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13
Q

cornea

A

a) the location
Transparent anterior one sixth of fibrous layer, clear window
b) the structural characteristics
Epithelium outer surface protects from abrasions, inner (corneal endothelium), contains sodium pumps, that maintain clarity of cornea
c) the function(s)
Contributed to blinking/tearing reflexes because of pain receptors

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14
Q

canal of schlemm

A

a) the location
On the anterior side of the eye, small structure between sclera and cornea by lens
b) the structural characteristics
an endothelium-lined tube, resembling that of a lymphatic vessel
c) the function(s)
Drains aqueous humor from eye

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15
Q

choroid

A

a) the location
Posterior portion of vascular layer under sclera
b) the structural characteristics
Loose connective tissue
c) the function(s)
Supplies blood to all layers of eyeball, brow pigment absorbs light to prevent scattering of light

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16
Q

ciliary body

A

a) the location
Anterior to the choroid, next to the lens, the choroid becomes ciliary body, the thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens
b) the structural characteristics
Bundles of smooth muscles
c) the function(s)
Controls the shape of the lens, capillaries of ciliary processes always secrete fluid to the anterior segment of the eye. Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) extends from ciliary processes to the lens which holds the lens in place.

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17
Q

iris (pupil

A

a) the location
Colour portion of eye that lies between cornea and lens, has pupil
b) the structural characteristics
The dilator and sphincter muscles
c) the function(s)
Will help dilate and contract eyes. Circular muscles (close), radial muscles (open)

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18
Q

retina puter layer

A

a) the location
Deep to choroid
b) the structural characteristics
Pigmented layer of the retina, retinal pigment epithelieum
c) the function in the physiology of vision
Absorbs light and prevents its scattering, phagocyizes photoreceptor cell

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19
Q

retina inner layer

A

a) the location
Inner layer of retina
b) the structural characteristics
Photoreceptors, neurons, glial cell
c) the function in the physiology of vision
Receive light that the lens has focused on to convert the light into neural signals, send these signals on the brain for visual recognition

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20
Q

rod

A

a) the location
retina
b) the structural characteristics
photoreceptors
c) the function in the physiology of vision
Recepting dim light, peripheral vision receptors, nore numerous and more sensitive to light than cones

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21
Q

cones

A

a) the location
retina
b) the structural characteristics
photoreceptors
c) the function in the physiology of vision
Help with the recepting highlight, color vision

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22
Q

foves centralis (central fovea)

A

a) the location
Tiny pit in the center of macula lutea
b) the structural characteristics
Contains all cones
c) the function in the physiology of vision
Has the best visual perception

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23
Q

optic disc

A

a) the location
Where optic nerve leaves eye
b) the structural characteristics
Has no rods or cons
c) the function in the physiology of vision
Blind spot

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24
Q

lens of eye

A

a) the function of the zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments)
Hold lens in place
b) the function and type of innervation of the ciliary muscles
dilatator pupillae - to dilate pupil
sphincter pupillae muscles - to contrisct pupil
c) the relevance of the lens shape to vision
When muscles contract it has increased focussing power When the ciliary muscles relax, pulling the lens out into a flatter shape, which has less focussing power.
d) the function of the lens in terms of refraction and image formation

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25
Q

anterior cavity

A

a) the two divisions of the anterior cavity and their location

b) the name and consistency of fluid in each cavity
Aqueous humor which is more aqueous than viteous
c) the origin and cycling of fluid in the anterior cavity
Ciliary bodies
d) the function of each fluid
bathes and nourishes the lens and maintains pressure within the eye

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26
Q

posterior caivity

A

b) the name and consistency of fluid in each cavity
Viteous humour, Vitreous is a transparent substance that is around 99 percent water. The remaining one percent is collagen and hyaluronic acid, which cause vitreous to have a gelatinous consistency
d) the function of each fluid
including maintaining eye shape, keeping the eye clear and providing shock absorption.

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27
Q

exterinsic vs instric eye movement

A

i) extrinsic
a) kind of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscles
b) type of movement
muscles control the movement of the eyes
c) specific functions
enable the eyes to move in all directions of sight
ii) intrinsic
a) kind of muscle tissue
Smooth muscle
b) type of movement/ specific functions
Muscles are used to focus the eye, and control the iris to allow a specific amount of light to enter it.

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28
Q

ecternal sturtcures of eye

A

a) eyebrow and eyelashes
Shade eye from light, prevent perspiration from reaching eye, prevent debries
b) eyelids
Lubricate the eye and protect
c) orbit wall
Holds and protects eyes in the brain, bones are around eye

29
Q

lacrimial apparatus

A

a) its composition -5 structures
Lacrimal gland
Excretory lacrimal ducts
Lacrimal lake
Lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
b) its function in protection of the eye
Secrete tears

30
Q

temporal lobe in relation to hearing

A

a) its location
By the temporal lobe
b) its function in relation to hearing
The temporal bone surrounds the ears and protects nerves and structures that play a role in controlling hearing and balance. Sound enters the ear canal and makes the tiny bones (ossicles) inside the ear vibrate

31
Q

auditory (Eustachian) tube

A

a) its location
from the middle ear to the upper part of the throat behind the nose
b) its function in relation to hearing
it helps keep the middle ear healthy by equalizing pressure, clearing secretions, and protecting it from pathogens that might otherwise cause infections.

32
Q

organ of corti

A

The primary function of the organ of Corti is the transduction of auditory signals

33
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

vestibular system, apparatus of the inner ear involved in balance. The vestibular system consists of two structures of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear, the vestibule and the semicircular canals, and the structures of the membranous labyrinth contained within them

34
Q

domiant sense

A

. Vision is our dominant sense; 70% of our body’s sensory receptors are found in the eye.

35
Q

conjuctvia

A

The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane that produces a lubricating mucus that prevents the eye
from drying out.
a. The palpebral conjunctiva lines the eyelids, and the bulbar conjunctiva covers the anterior surface of
the eyeball.

36
Q

lacrimal appartatus

A

The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, which secretes a dilute saline solution (tears), and small
ducts that drain excess fluid into the nasolacrimal duct.
a. Lacrimal fluid contains mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme to cleanse, moisten, and
protect the eyes.

37
Q

light and optics

A
  1. Electromagnetic radiation includes all energy waves from long waves to short waves and includes the visible
    light that our eyes see as color.
  2. Refraction, or bending, of a light ray occurs when it meets the surface of a different medium at an oblique
    angle rather than a right angle.
  3. A convex lens bends light so that it converges at a focal point, forming an image, called a real image, which
    projects upside down and reversed from left to right.
38
Q

focusing light on retina

A

a. Light is bent three times: as it enters the cornea, upon entering the lens, and upon leaving the lens.
b. The far point of vision is that distance beyond which no change in lens shape (accommodation) is
required and, in a normal eye, is at a distance of about 6 meters, or 20 feet.
c. During distant vision, the ciliary muscles are completely relaxed, causing a maximal flattening of the
lens.
d. Focusing for close vision demands that the eye make three adjustments: accommodation of the lens,
causing it to thicken and increase light refraction, constriction of the pupils, which better directs light to
the lens, and convergence of the eyeballs, allowing the object to remain focused on the foveae.
e. The near point of vision occurs at the point of maximal thickening of the lens, and is 10 cm, or 4
inches, from the eye.

39
Q

eye disphromsitys

A

f. Myopia, or nearsightedness, occurs when objects focus in front of the retina and results in seeing
close objects without a problem, but distant objects are blurred.
g. Hyperopia, or farsightedness, occurs when objects are focused behind the retina
and results in seeing distant objects clearly but close objects are blurred.
h. Astigmatism results from an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens, which produces blurred images.

40
Q

antoomy of phtoreceptors

A
  1. Photoreception is the process by which light energy produces graded receptor potentials.
    a. Photoreceptors are modified neurons that have their photoreceptive ends inserted into the
    pigmented layer of the retina.
    b. Photoreceptors contain visual pigments that change as they absorb light.
41
Q

rods vs cods

A
  1. Rods are highly sensitive and are best suited to night vision.
  2. Cones are less sensitive to light and are best adapted to bright light and color vision.
42
Q

visual pigments

A
  1. Within photoreceptors is a light-absorbing molecule, retinal, that combines with opsin proteins to form one of
    four types of visual pigments.
  2. Cone opsins absorb light within a given range of wavelengths, giving them their names, blue, green, and red.
43
Q

information porcessing in retina

A
  1. Exposure of the photoreceptors to light causes pigment breakdown, which hyperpolarizes the receptors
    inhibiting the release of neurotransmitter conveying the information.
44
Q

light and dark apadation

A
  1. Light adaptation occurs when we move from darkness into bright light; retinal sensitivity decreases
    dramatically and the retinal neurons switch from the rod to the cone system.
  2. Dark adaptation occurs when we go from a well-lit area into a dark one; the cones stop functioning and the
    rhodopsin starts to accumulate in the rods, increasing retinal sensitivity.
45
Q

visual pathway to brain

A

a. The retinal ganglion cells merge in the back of the eyeball to become the optic nerve, which crosses at the
optic chiasma to become the optic tracts.
b. The optic tracts send their axons to neurons within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus.
c. Axons from the thalamus project through the internal capsule to form the optic radiation of fibers in the
cerebral white matter, which project to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes.

The visual pathway consists of the retina, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic
radiations, and visual cortex. The pathway is, effectively, part of the central nervous system because the retinae
have their embryological origins in extensions of the diencephalon.

46
Q

depth percpetion

A
  1. Depth perception is created when the visual fields of each eye, which differ slightly, overlap.
47
Q

visual processing

A
  1. Visual processing occurs when the action of light on photoreceptors hyperpolarizes them, which causes the
    bipolar neurons from both the rods and cones to ultimately send signals to their ganglion cells.
48
Q

specificaity of olfcatory epithelium

A
  1. The olfactory epithelium is the organ of smell located in the roof of the nasal cavity.
  2. The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a thin apical dendrite that terminates in a knob with
    several olfactory cilia.
49
Q

physiogoly of smell

A
  1. To smell a particular odorant, it must be volatile and it must be dissolved in the fluid coating the olfactory
    epithelium that stimulates the olfactory receptors.
50
Q

olfactory pathways

A
  1. In olfactory transduction, an odorant binds to the olfactory receptor, a G protein, and
    the secondary messenger of cyclic AMP.
  2. Axons of the olfactory sensory neurons synapse in the olfactory bulbs, sending impulses down the olfactory
    tracts to the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdaloid body, and other members of the limbic system.

Olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium detect odor molecules dissolved in the mucus and transmit
information about the odor to the brain in a process called sensory transduction. Olfactory neurons have cilia
(tiny hairs) containing olfactory receptors that bind to odor molecules, causing an electrical response that
spreads through the sensory neuron to the olfactory nerve fibers at the back of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory nerves and fibers transmit information about odors from the peripheral olfactory system to the central
olfactory system of the brain, which is separated from the epithelium by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
bone. Olfactory nerve fibers, which originate in the epithelium, pass through the cribriform plate, connecting the
epithelium to the brain’s limbic system at the olfactory bulbs.[6]

51
Q

location and structure of taste buds

A
  1. Taste buds, the sensory receptor organs for taste, are located in the oral cavity, with the majority located
    within the papillae of the tongue.
52
Q

basic taste sensation

A
  1. Taste sensations can be grouped into one of five basic qualities: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami.
53
Q

physiogoly of taste

A
  1. For a chemical to be tasted, it must be dissolved in saliva, move into the taste pore, and contact a gustatory
    hair, producing graded potentials that release neurotransmitters to sensory dendrites.
  2. Each taste sensation appears to have its own special mechanism for transduction: salty taste is due to Na+
    influx, sour taste is due to H+, bitter, sweet, and umami tastes are triggered through G-protein-triggered Ca++
    release.
54
Q

gustortaory pathway

A
  1. Afferent fibers carrying taste information from the tongue are found primarily in the facial nerve and
    glossopharyngeal cranial nerves.
  2. Taste impulses from the few taste buds found on the epiglottis and the lower pharynx are conveyed via the
    vagus nerve.
55
Q

influence of other senses of tase

A
  1. Taste is strongly influenced by smell and stimulation of thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors,
    and nociceptors.
56
Q

olfactory nerve

A

1
The olfactory nerve transmits information to the brain regarding a person’s sense of smell.
 When a person inhales fragrant molecules, olfactory receptors within the nasal passage send the impulses to the
cranial cavity, which then travel to the olfactory bulb.
 Specialized olfactory neurons and nerve fibers meet with other nerves, which pass into the olfactory tract.
 The olfactory tract then travels to the frontal lobe and other areas of the brain that are involved with memory
and notation of different smells.

57
Q

optic nerve

A

2
The optic nerve transmits information to the brain regarding a person’s vision.
 When light enters the eye, it hits the retina, which contains rods and cones. These are photoreceptors that
translate signals from light into visual information for the brain.
 Cones are located in the central retina and are involved with color vision. Rods are located in the peripheral
retina and are involved with non-color vision.
 These photoreceptors carry signal impulses along nerve cells to form the optic nerve. Most of the fibers of the
optic nerve cross into a structure called the optic chiasm. Then, the optic tract projects to the primary visual
cortex in the occipital lobe at the back of the brain. The occipital lobe is where the brain handles visual
information.

58
Q

ocoularmotor nerve

A

3
The oculomotor nerve helps control muscle movements of the eyes.
 The oculomotor nerve provides movement to most of the muscles that move the eyeball and upper eyelid,
known as extraocular muscles.
 The oculomotor nerve also helps with involuntary functions of the eye:
 The sphincter pupillae muscle automatically constricts the pupil to allow less light into the eye when the light is
bright. When it is dark, the muscle relaxes to allow more light to enter.
 The ciliary muscles help the lens adjust to short range and long range vision. This happens automatically when a
person looks at near or far objects.

59
Q

trochoclear nerve

A

4
The trochlear nerve is also involved in eye movement.
 The trochlear nerve, like the oculomotor nerve, originates in the midbrain. It powers the contralateral superior
oblique muscle that allows the eye to point downward and inward.

60
Q

trigeiminal nerve

A

5
 The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and has both motor and sensory functions.
 Its motor functions help a person to chew and clench the teeth and gives sensation to muscles in the tympanic
membrane of the ear.
 Its sensory division has three parts that connect to sensory receptor sites on the face:
 The ophthalmic part gives sensation to parts of the eyes, including the cornea, mucosa in the nose, and skin on
the nose, the eyelid, and the forehead.
 The maxillary part gives sensation to the middle third of the face, side of the nose, upper teeth, and lower
eyelid.
 The mandibular part gives sensation to the lower third of the face, the tongue, mucosa in the mouth, and lower
teeth.
 Trigeminal neuralgia is a common disorder of the trigeminal nerve that can cause intense pain and facial tics.

61
Q

abducen nerve

A

6
The abducens nerve also helps control eye movements.
 It helps the lateral rectus muscle, which is one of the extraocular muscles, to turn the gaze outward.
 The abducens nerve starts in the pons of the brainstem

62
Q

facial nerve

A

7
 The facial nerve functions to produce facial expressions.
 The facial nerve also has both motor and sensory functions.
 The facial nerve is made up of four nuclei that serve different functions:
o movement of muscles that produce facial expression
o movement of the lacrimal, submaxillary, and submandibular glands
o the sensation of the external ear
o the sensation of taste
 The four nuclei originate in the pons and medulla and join together to travel to the geniculate ganglion.
 Bell’s palsy is a common disorder of the facial nerve, which causes paralysis on one side of the face and possibly
loss of taste sensation.

63
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

8
 The vestibulocochlear nerve is involved with a person’s hearing and balance.
 The vestibulocochlear nerve contains two components:
 The vestibular nerve helps the body sense changes in the position of the head with regard to gravity. The body
uses this information to maintain balance.
 The cochlear nerve helps with hearing. Specialized inner hair cells and the basilar membrane vibrate in response
to sounds and determine the frequency and magnitude of the sound.
 These fibers combine in the pons and exit the skull via the internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone.

64
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

9
The glossopharyngeal nerve possesses both motor and sensory functions.
 The sensory function receives information from the throat, tonsils, middle ear, and back of the tongue. It is also
involved with the sensation of taste for the back of the tongue.
 The motor division provides movement to the stylopharyngeus, which is a muscle that allows the throat to
shorten and widen.
 The glossopharyngeal nerve starts in the medulla oblongata in the brain and leaves the skull through the jugular
foramen, which leads to the tympanic nerve.

65
Q

vagus nerve

A

10
The vagus nerve has a range of functions, providing motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions.
 The sensory part provides sensation to the outer part of the ear, the throat, the heart, abdominal organs. It also
plays a role in taste sensation.
 The motor part provides movement to the throat and soft palate.
 The parasympathetic function regulates heart rhythm and innervates the smooth muscles in the airway, lungs,
and gastrointestinal tract.
 The vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve as it starts in the medulla and extends to the abdomen.

66
Q

accesory nerve

A

11
 The accessory nerve provides motor function to the neck.
 The accessory nerve provides motor function to some muscles in the neck:
 It controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles that allow a person to rotate, extend, and flex the
neck and shoulders.
 The accessory nerve separates into spinal and cranial parts.
 The spinal component starts in the spinal cord and travels into the skull through the foramen magnum. From
there, it meets the cranial component of the accessory nerve and exits the skull along the internal carotid artery.
 The cranial part of the accessory nerve combines with the vagus nerve.

67
Q

hypoglossol nerve

A

12
 The hypoglossal nerve is a motor nerve that supplies the tongue muscles.
 The hypoglossal nerve originates in the medulla.
 Disorders of the hypoglossal nerve can cause paralysis of the tongue, most often occurring on

68
Q

sight sensory tract

A
  1. photoreceptors - rods/cones
  2. bipolar neaurons
  3. gangilon cells
  4. optic nerve
  5. optic chiasm
  6. optic tract
  7. lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
  8. optic radiation
  9. primary visual area of cerebral cortex
69
Q

taste smell tract

A
  1. taste bud (pore)
  2. taste fibres of cranial nerve
  3. back portion (vagus nerve), medidal (glossopharygeal nerve), front portion (facial nerve)
  4. pons
  5. thalmic nucleus (ventral posteromedial nucleus)
  6. gustortory cortex

BIOL 1260 (14 decks)

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