week 7 - adapative immunity Flashcards
inflammation
When your body encounters an offending agent (like viruses, bacteria or toxic chemicals) or suffers an injury, it activates your immune system.
Cite four examples of stressors which may stimulate the inflammatory response.
The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling
Explain the general purpose(s) of the inflammatory response.
The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove damaged tissue components so that the body can begin to heal.
vasodilation
the widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls
vascular permeability during inflammation
Increase in vascular permeability is a conclusive response in the progress of inflammatio
chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the process by which phagocytes follow the cytokine “scent” to the infected spot.
fibrin formation
Coagulation is initiated by the activation of thrombin, which, in turn, triggers fibrin formation by the release of fibrinopeptides. Fibrin is cleaved by plasmin, resulting in clot lysis
exudate formation
Exudates are inflammatory in nature and occur because of vascular permeability caused by the release of inflammatory mediators from the inflamed tissue. Neutrophils are typically the predominant cell type in most exudates, but macrophages and, to some extent, lymphocytes are also increased
Exudate is fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues
fibrinogen
a) source/origin of component in the system a glycoprotein complex, produced in the liver
b) stage of the inflammatory process in which it is primarily/ initially involved Stage 4
c) function of the component in the progress of the inflammatory process is the formation of fibrin that binds together platelets and some plasma proteins in a hemostatic plug
monocyte
a) source/origin of component in the system Myeloid stem cell
b) stage of the inflammatory process in which it is primarily/ initially involved Stage 2
c) function of the component in the progress of the inflammatory process becomes a macrophage when it leaves blood, engulf pathogens and display on surface
neaurophils
a) source/origin of component in the system Myeloid stem cells
b) stage of the inflammatory process in which it is primarily/ initially involved Stage 2
c) function of the component in the progress of the inflammatory process engulf and destroy bacteria and pathogens
postagladnins
a) source/origin of component in the system
b) stage of the inflammatory process in which it is primarily/ initially involved Stage 1,4
c) function of the component in the progress of the inflammatory process They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots
kinins
a) source/origin of component in the system Urinary tract?
b) stage of the inflammatory process in which it is primarily/ initially involved Stage 1/2
c) function of the component in the progress of the inflammatory process Increase blood flow throughout the body. Make it easier for fluids to pass through small blood vessels.
histamine
a) source/origin of component in the system Are screteed from mast cells and basophils
b) stage of the inflammatory process in which it is primarily/ initially involved Stage 1
c) function of the component in the progress of the inflammatory process histamines boost blood flow in the area of your body the allergen affected. This causes inflammation, which lets other chemicals from your immune system step in to do repair work. Histamines then dock at special places called “receptors” in your body
mast cell
a) source/origin of component in the system Myeloid stem cell
b) stage of the inflammatory process in which it is primarily/ initially involved Stage 1
c) function of the component in the progress of the inflammatory process Release specific chemicals (histamine) that cause inflammation (increased bloodflow)
Explain the physiological changes which occur to produce each of the following signs/symptoms of local inflammation
a) redness the dilation of small blood vessels
b) swelling Some of the chemicals cause fluid to leak into your tissues, resulting in swelling
c) heat small blood vessels in the tissue to become wider (dilate), allowing more blood to reach the injured tissue
d) pain the swelling and buildup of tissue starts pressing against nerve endings
e) loss of function (not always) pain that inhibits mobility or from severe swelling that prevents movement in the area
5 effects of histaimnes
a) capillary and arteriolar diameter
increases
b) capillary permeability
increases
c) bronchial smooth muscle movement
constriction of the air passageway
d) activity of sensory nerve endings
Produces itches/pain
e) mucous secretions
increases
antihisatmine
a) the definition
Reverse the action of histamine
b) its mechanism of action
relieve symptoms of allergies, such as hay fever, hives, conjunctivitis and reactions to insect bites or stings.
platlete adhension
First, platelets contact and stick to damaged parts of blood vessels, such as collagen (which will now be exposed, they were on the opposite side of the endothelium Adhesion activates the platelets, and they change appearance and activity dramatically
plalete release reaction
They start forming projections that allow them to attach to each other, and they also begin to release their vesicles.
platlete plug, BLOOD COAGULATION
So all of the platelets in the area are activated thanks to the signals being released. And they all stick together and aggregate, forming a plug.The plug of course, limits blood loss
coagykation
the action or process of a liquid, especially blood, changing to a solid or semi-solid stat
5. Use the following outline to begin a description of the three stages of the clotting mechanism:
Extrinsic pathway Plasma Tissue damage————— > prothombinase (prothrombin activator)
Coagulation Factors Intrinsic pathway Platelet Factors Platelet damage ————— > prothrombinase (prothrombin activator) Plasma Coagulation Factors
STAGE II Prothrombinase Prothrombin ———————- > Thrombin
STAGE III Thrombin Fibrinogen ———————— > Fibrin
contents in platlet cytoplasm
Platelets contain dense granules, lambda granules and alpha granules
platlets in blood clotting
a) site of formation/origin/source of substance
Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are derived from megakaryocytes, which are derived from stem cells in the bone marrow
b) stage(s) of clotting mechanism in which it plays a role
1
c) function in the clotting mechanism
Your platelets will clot (clump together) to plug the hole in the blood vessel and stop the bleeding.
issue thromboplastin
a) site of formation/origin/source of substance
usually derived from placental sources
b) stage(s) of clotting mechanism in which it plays a role
2
c) function in the clotting mechanism
catalyzing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
prothrombinase (prothrombin activator)
a) site of formation/origin/source of substance
Thrombin activation occurs on the surface of activated platelets
b) stage(s) of clotting mechanism in which it plays a role
2
c) function in the clotting mechanism
catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
prothrombin
a) site of formation/origin/source of substance
Produced in liver
b) stage(s) of clotting mechanism in which it plays a role
3
c) function in the clotting mechanism
acts to transform fibrinogen, also present in plasma, into fibrin
thrombin
a) site of formation/origin/source of substance
Prothrobinase,tissue throboplasmis
b) stage(s) of clotting mechanism in which it plays a role
3
c) function in the clotting mechanism
converts fibrinogen to fibrin