Week 6 - Innate immunity Flashcards
myeloid tissue (fetus and adult) location
Adult- will be found in bone marrow tissue or tissues
Fetus - liver and spleen
reticular connective tissue location
around the kidney, liver, the spleen, and lymph nodes, Peyer’ patches as well as in bone marrow
lymphoid tissue location
The bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid tissues and the sites of lymphocyte development. The lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and Peyer’s patches are examples of secondary lymphoid tissue.
hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
Blood formation, continuous process by which the cellular constituents of blood are replenished as needed
b) hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell)
Stem cell for blood elements
myeloid stem cell
derived from hematopoietic stem cells. They undergo differentiation to produce precursors of erythrocytes, platelets, dendritic cells, mast cells, monocytes, and granulocytes.
lympoid stem cell
What do lymphoid stem cells produce?
Hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis
pluorpoent stem cell
a) location in the system
Throughout tissues, in umbilical cord
b) significance in white blood cell formation
The self-renewal is the capacity of the stem cells to divide indefinitely
c) role in production of granular white blood cells and monocytes
Myeloid stem cells are created by pluripotent stem cells
d) role in production of agranular white blood cells
Lymphoid stem cell are created by pluripotent stem cells
neaurophil
S: multilobed nucleus, with 3 to 5 lobes joined by tiny strands of genetic material.
L: go to sites of pathogens and injury to fight off pathogens
F: engulf and destroy bacteria and pathogen
basophil
S: cell with a two nucleus lobe
L: body tissue, blood?
F:chemical (heistiamen) which helps inflammatory response (increase blood flow)
esophil
S: two lobed nucleus
L: go to places that interact with the outside world (lungs, GI tract)
F: contain molecules that kill cells immune system has marked, help clear infections and mediate inflammation
monocyte
Structure: becomes a macrophage when it leaves blood
final destination: body tissue
Function: will disgust debris and display on surface
lymph pathway movement
xthe lymph capillaries, through lymph vessels and lymph nodes and ending in blood plasma of the veins (back in the circulatory system)
4 lympahtic tissues
lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are located in many parts of the body, including the neck, armpit, chest, abdomen (belly), and groin. They contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid.
lymph nodules
The lymph nodules are dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages and are separated by spaces called lymph sinuses.
Thymus
The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes or T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders.
Spleen
it fights invading germs in the blood (the spleen contains infection-fighting white blood cells) it controls the level of blood cells (white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets) it filters the blood and removes any old or damaged red blood cells.
lymph nodes function and location
Lymph nodes functions:Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that hel p the body fight infection and disease.
a)submental (sides of chin)
b)submandibular (under jaw)
c)cervical group along the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck
d) supratrochlear (above the bend in the elbow)
e) axillary group (within the underarm and upper chest)
f) inguinal group (in the groin)
wbc and phagoctic cells found in lymph node
c) the types of white blood cells found within the node
Cell of medulla: b cells, plasma cells
Inner cortex: t cells (dendritic cells also found here)
Around germinal center/outer cortex: b cells
germinal center/outer cortex: b cells (follicular dendritic cells found here aswell)
d) the type of phagocytic cells found within the node
Cell of medulla : macrophages
germinal center/outer cortex: macrophages
lymph node hemotpaeotic and immunty function
e) its hematopoietic functions
lymph nodes may be a site of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). EMH in lymph nodes typically occurs as a physiologic response to a dramatic loss or increased need for additional blood cells.
f) its role in specific immune response
Protects body against foreign invaders: produces and releases lymphocytes and other immune cells that monitor and then destroy the foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi
lymph node vs nodule
The nodule differs from a lymph node in that it is much smaller and does not have a well-defined connective-tissue capsule as a boundary. It also does not function as a filter. Lymph nodules frequently contain germinal centers—sites for localized production of lymphocytes. In the small intestine : Peyer’s patches. The tonsils : local regions where the nodules have merged together.
thymus
a) location, in relation to the trachea and sternum
Deep to sternum, inferior to trachea
b) period in life cycle when it is most functional
Fetal development
c) role in specific immunity
The thymus is an organ that is critically important to the immune system which serves as the body’s defense mechanism providing surveillance and protection against diverse pathogens, tumors, antigens and mediators of tissue damage
lymphocutes
a) B lymphocyte
S:
M: Pluripotent stem cell - Lymphoid stem cell - B lymphoblast - B lymphocyte (B cell)
F:effectors of humoral immunity, providing defense against pathogens through different functions including antibody production
b) T helper lymphocyte (via the blood AND the thymus)
S:
M: Pluripotent stem cell - Lymphoid stem cell - T lymphoblast - T lymphocyte (T cell)
F:a key mediator of immune function.
c) T killer lymphocyte (via the blood AND the thymus)
S:
M: Pluripotent stem cell - Lymphoid stem cell - NK lymphoblast - NK cell
F:kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus.
spleen
a) location, in relation to diaphragm and stomach
Lateral to stomach, superior to diaphragm
b) constituents of the stroma, white pulp and red pulp
Stroma - organize tissue into red pulp, white pulp and marginal zone,.
White pulp- dispose of antigens, dead cells, and debris by engulfing and digesting them.
Red pulp - filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells.
c) two protective functions with regard to:
i) hemopoiesis
Fliter blood
ii) phagocytosis
White pulp engulfs dead cells, antigens etc.
mast cells
a) leukocyte from which it is derived
Myeloid stem cell
b) location in the system
Bloodstream of tissue
c) specific protective function
Release specific chemicals (histamine) that cause inflammation (increased bloodflow)
marcophages
a) leukocyte from which it is derived
Monocyte
b) location in the system
Body tissue
c) specific protective function
Ingest pathogens, cancer cells and other harmful bacteria, which is destroyed, degraded and recycled
innate vs adpative immunity
a) immunity
the body’s ability to prevent the invasion of pathogens.
b) innate immunity (non-specific immunity)
Innate, or nonspecific, immunity is the defense system with which you were born.
c) adaptive immunity (specific immunity)
an immunity that occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination, specific
virus
A virus is a small collection of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone. Viruses must infect cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of themselves. Often, they kill the host cell in the process, and cause damage to the host organism
bacteria
Bacteria are small single-celled organisms. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth and are vital to the planet’s ecosystems. Some species can live under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. The human body is full of bacteria, and in fact is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells.
fungus
The main types of ‘cells’ produced by human pathogenic fungi are hyphae, yeast cells, and spores. Can cause fungal infections
infection
the invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
pathogen
A pathogen is an organism that causes disease.
pathogenicty
the property of causing disease
virulence/ virulenc efactors
the severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison.
the molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host at the cellular level
nonpathogenic
not capable of causing disease nonpathogenic bacterial strains
normal body flora
microorganisms that live on another living organism (human or animal) or inanimate object without causing disease.
contaimination
the action or state of making or being made impure by polluting or poisoning
optiumal bacteria growth
Bacteria can live in hotter and colder temperatures than humans, but they do best in a warm, moist, protein-rich environment that is pH neutral or slightly acidic
number of mircobes
Microbes cause infectious diseases such as flu and measles. So if there is more of them, there will be a more likely change of disease
exotoxin
Exotoxins are polypeptide proteins excreted by few species of bacteria
endotoxin
Endotoxins are the lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes, produced at the time of cell death
virulence factor enzymes
Enzymes include hyaluronidase, which breaks down the connective tissue component hyaluronic acid; a range of proteases and lipases; DNases, which break down DNA, and hemolysins which break down a variety of host cells, including red blood cells
sebum
Oily substance on skin that helps kill bacteria/virus