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Research Methods > Week 9 - Experimental Designs/Quasi-Experimental Designs > Flashcards

Week 9 - Experimental Designs/Quasi-Experimental Designs Flashcards

1
Q

assigned to independent group

A

between-subjects design

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2
Q

subjects act as their own controls

A

within-subjects design

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3
Q

a way of describing an experimental design that is based on the number of factors

A

factorial design

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4
Q

name 3 types of experimental designs.

A
  • btwn-subjects design
  • within-subjects design
  • factorial design
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5
Q

does not include either random assignment or a control group

A

quasi-experimental design

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6
Q

did the experimental treatment make the difference in this specific instance rather than extraneous variables

A

internal validity

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7
Q

name 7 threats to internal validity

A
  • history
  • maturation
  • testing
  • instrumentation
  • selection bias
  • experimental mortality
  • interaction among factors
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8
Q

events occurring during the experiment that are not part of the treatment

A

history

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9
Q

biological or psychological processes within participants that may change due to the passing of time ex: aging, fatigue, hunger

A

maturation

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10
Q

the effects of one test upon subsequent administrations of the same test

A

testing

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11
Q

changes in testing instruments, raters, or interviewers including lack of agreement within and btwn observers

A

instrumentation

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12
Q

identification of comparison groups in other than a random manner

A

selection bias

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13
Q

loss of participants from comparison groups due to nonrandom reasons

A

experimental mortality

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14
Q

factors can operate together to influence experimental results

A

interaction among factors

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15
Q
  • generalizability of results - to what populations, settings, or treatment variables can the results be generalized
  • concerned with real-world applications
A

external validity

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16
Q

how is external validity controlled?

A

by selecting subjects, treatments, experimental situations, and tests to be representative of some larger population

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17
Q

what is the key to controlling most threats to external validity?

A

random selection

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18
Q

name 2 types of external validity.

A
  • population validity

- ecological validity

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19
Q

refers to the extent to which the results can be generalized from the experimental sample to a defined population.

A

population validity

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20
Q

refers to the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized from the set of environmental conditions in the experiment to other environmental conditions

A

ecological validity

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21
Q

name 4 threats to external validity.

A
  • interaction effects of testing
  • selection bias
  • reactive effects of experimental setting
  • multiple-treatment interference
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22
Q

the fact that the pretest may make the participants more aware of or sensitive to the upcoming treatment

A

interaction effects of testing

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23
Q

when participants are selected in a manner so they are not representative of any particular population.

A

selection bias

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24
Q

the fact that treatments in constrained laboratory settings may not be effective in less constrained, real-world settings

A

reactive effects of experimental setting

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25
Q

when participants receive more than one treatment, the effects of previous treatments may influence subsequent ones

A

multiple-treatment interference

26
Q

name 4 tools to control validity jeopardizing factors.

A
  • pre-test
  • control group
  • randomization
  • additional groups
27
Q

what is the scientific standard for investigating cause and effect relationships?

A

pretest-posttest control group design

28
Q

describe pretest-posttest control group design.

A
  • 2 or more independent groups
  • 1 independent variable
  • 1 or more dependent variables
  • random assignment
  • also known as a parallel groups study
29
Q

Describe posttest-only control group design studies.

A
  • similar to pretest-posttest control group design
  • except NO PRETEST is administered to either group
  • used when pretest is impractical, contraindicated, or potentially reactive
30
Q

Describe factorial designs for independent groups.

A
  • incorporates two or more independent variables
  • subjects randomly assigned to various combinations of the levels of the variables
  • larger samples are needed
31
Q

how are factorial designs described?

A
  • according to the number of independent variables ex: two-way or two factor design
  • also described by the number of levels within each factor
    ex: a 3x3 design has 2 independent variables each with 3 levels
32
Q

used when concerned that an extraneous factor might influence the between groups difference

A

randomized block design

33
Q

used during random assignment to ensure that participants are similar across groups on this attribute

A

blocking variable

34
Q

designed to control or “remove” the effect of nuisance factors

A

randomized block design

35
Q
  • subjects used as their own control

- also called within-subjects design

A

repeated measures designs

36
Q

name 3 effects of repeated measures.

A
  • practice effects
  • carryover effects
  • order effects
37
Q

what is used as a possible solution of order, practice, and carryover effects?

A

Latin Square

38
Q
  • participants are randomized to a treatment sequence - either intervention followed by control or control followed by intervention
  • used to control for order effects
  • should only be used when condition is stable
  • considerations for washout period
A

crossover designs

39
Q

-used in studies with more than one independent variable

A

two-way design with two repeated measures

40
Q
  • two independent variables
  • one repeated across all subjects
  • the other randomized to independent groups
A

mixed design

41
Q
  • allows for continuous analysis of data
  • compares success of intervention for successive pairs of subjects
  • stopped as soon as the evidence is strong enough to detect a difference - may result in a reduction of subjects needed
  • an alternative approach to the RCT
  • specially constructed charts for visual analysis of outcomes
A

sequential clinical trials

42
Q

what do quasi-experimental designs lack?

A
  • random assignment
  • comparison group
  • or both
43
Q

quasi-experimental designs are more likely than experimental designs to have threats to what?

A

internal validity

44
Q

-time is the independent variable

A

time series designs

45
Q

name 3 types of time series designs.

A
  • one-group pretest-posttest design
  • repeated measures design
  • interrupted time series design
46
Q
  • all subjects receive the same treatment
  • no comparison group, which limits internal and external validity
  • independent variable is time
A

one-group pretest-posttest design

47
Q
  • multiple measures of the dependent variable are taken
  • all subjects receive the same treatment
  • no comparison group, which limits internal and external validity
  • IV is time
A

repeated measures design

48
Q
  • multiple measures of the dependent variable are taken
  • interrupted by one or more treatment occasions
  • all subjects receive the same treatment
  • no comparison group, limits internal and external validity
  • IV is time
A

interrupted time series design (ITS)

49
Q

-use of existing groups or where groups are self-selected

A

nonequivalent group designs

50
Q

name 3 types of nonequivalent group designs.

A
  • nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design
  • historical controls
  • nonequivalent posttest-only control group design
51
Q
  • pretest-posttest design
  • no random assignment
  • intact groups
  • subject preferences
  • threats to validity include interaction of selection with history and maturation
A

nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design

52
Q
  • compares treatments by using a historical control group who had received a different treatment during an earlier time period.
  • threats due to confounding bc of imbalances in characteristics of the groups
A

historical controls

53
Q
  • uses existing groups instead of random assignment
  • use for exploratory purposes NOT explanatory
  • threats due to confounding, selection biases, and attrition
A

nonequivalent posttest-only control group design

54
Q

nonequivalent posttest-only control group design is used for which types of purposes?

A

exploratory purposes NOT explanatory

55
Q

more people drop out of which type of group?

A

control groups

56
Q

must have ___ validity to have ___ validity.

A

internal, external

57
Q

controlling threats to validity involves developing what?

A

an experimental design

58
Q

a study is designed to compare elbow extensor strength of a single group of subjects with the shoulder positioned in a number of different positions. what type of design does this represent?

A

repeated measures design

59
Q

a study is designed to determine the effect of aspirin and stretching on low back pain. Comparisons are made between groups taking/not taking the medication, and three types of stretching. In this study, medication and stretching are two independent variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of six groups. This is an example of what?

A

factorial design

60
Q

Persons with hip osteoarthritis are randomly assigned in a multi-group randomized trial to either an aquatic exercise group, a cycling exercise group, a strength training group or to a control group to assess the effect of the training condition on pain. Based on this description, this study has how many independent variables?

A

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Research Methods (13 decks)

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