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Research Methods > Week 6 - Observational Studies: Descriptive Research and Exploratory Research > Flashcards

Week 6 - Observational Studies: Descriptive Research and Exploratory Research Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of descriptive research?

A
  • info is collected without changing the environment

- used when we have little knowledge of a phenomena and we want to describe it accurately and truthfully

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2
Q
  • characterizing a phenomenon or problem

- indicate norms, trends, needs, circumstances to inform and guide practice

A

descriptive research

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3
Q

name the 4 “w” questions of descriptive research.

A
  • who
  • what
  • when
  • where
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4
Q

descriptive research does not answer which 2 questions?

A

how and why things are the way they are

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5
Q

the periodic table is an example of which type of research?

A

descriptive research

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6
Q

name 6 types of descriptive research.

A
  • developmental research
  • normative research
  • descriptive surveys
  • case reports
  • historical research
  • qualitative research
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7
Q

the description of developmental change and the sequencing of behaviors in people over time

A

developmental research

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8
Q

name 2 types of developmental research.

A
  • longitudinal

- cross-sectional

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9
Q

name 4 negative aspects of longitudinal studies.

A
  • money
  • long-term commitment
  • attrition
  • confounding variables
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10
Q

can choose people of all ages and compare all of their levels of development and abilities at the same time.

A

cross-sectional studies

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11
Q

people born today are exposed to different effects and variables than people born 50 years ago.

A

period effects

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12
Q

follows a cohort of subjects over time

A

longitudinal study

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13
Q

name 2 examples of developmental research.

A
  • erickson

- piaget

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14
Q

what is the advantage of longitudinal research?

A

ability to accumulate data through intensive documentation of growth and change in the same individuals.

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15
Q

studies a stratified group of subjects at one-point in time

A

cross-sectional method

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16
Q

is the longitudinal or cross-sectional method used more often?

A

cross-sectional

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17
Q

collection of data at one point in time

A

cross-sectional

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18
Q

name 2 strengths of cross-sectional studies.

A
  • cost-efficient

- fewer logistic problems

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19
Q

name 1 disadvantage of cross-sectional studies.

A

cannot understand causal processes

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20
Q

the purpose is to describe typical or standard values for characteristics of a given population

A

normative studies

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21
Q

normative studies are usually directed towards which 5 areas?

A
  • a specific age group
  • gender
  • occupation
  • culture
  • disability
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22
Q

used for the unusual patient, innovative treatment approaches, diagnosis of rare conditions, etc.

A

case reports

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23
Q

case reports have limited what?

A

external validity

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24
Q

case reports have limited what?

A

external validity

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25
Q

what is the purpose of observational research?

A

exploration of data to determine relationships among variables

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26
Q

observational research can be used to ___ ___.

A

estimate risk

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27
Q

name 5 factors to consider for causality.

A
  • temporal sequence
  • strength of association
  • biological credibility
  • consistency
  • dose-response
28
Q

____ is more difficult to determine in observational studies.

A

causality

29
Q

why is causality more difficult to determine in observational studies?

A

bc there is no control or randomization

30
Q

name the 4 categories of causation

A
  • necessary and sufficient
  • necessary but not sufficient
  • sufficient but not necessary
  • neither necessary nor sufficient
31
Q

name the 4 categories of causation

A
  • necessary and sufficient
  • necessary but not sufficient
  • sufficient but not necessary
  • neither necessary nor sufficient
32
Q
  • with exposure, condition always develops

- without exposure, condition never develops (other factors cannot trigger such disease)

A

necessary and sufficient

33
Q

name an example of a necessary and sufficient causation.

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

34
Q

exposure necessary for condition to develop, but can be mitigated by other factors present or absent (not everyone gets sick)

A

necessary but not sufficient

35
Q

name an example of a necessary but not sufficient causation.

A

covid

36
Q

the condition will NOT develop without the exposure

A

necessary

37
Q

one that can cause the outcome but other factors may be involved.

A

sufficient

38
Q

exposure alone can cause condition, but other factors can also cause it.

A

sufficient but not necessary

39
Q

name an example of a sufficient but not necessary causation.

A

weight gain

40
Q

sometimes condition develops with exposure, but other times condition may not develop with exposure

A

neither necessary nor sufficient

41
Q

name an example of a neither necessary nor sufficient

A

lung cancer

42
Q

name 2 types of longitudinal studies.

A
  • prospective

- retrospective

43
Q

follow subject as they progress through treatment or disease course; designed to collect data following development of the research question.

A

prospective research

44
Q

examination of data that has been collected in the past

A

retrospective research

45
Q

name 3 challenges of a prospective longitudinal study.

A
  • long time period to consistently collect data.
  • exposure status determined at start, with follow-up to see if outcome develops.
  • confounding can occur over time from other events and conditions
46
Q

name 2 challenges of a retrospective study.

A
  • difficulty in defining variables

- records may not be complete

47
Q

retrospective studies are best for disorders with long ___ periods.

A

latency

48
Q
  • considered a “snapshot” of a population.
  • data for exposure and outcome taken concurrently
  • can describe health status of a population at a point in time
  • possibility of reverse causation
A

cross-sectional studies

49
Q

the designated “outcome” may actually cause the “exposure”

A

reverse causation

50
Q

a group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined period; group of individuals followed over time

A

cohort studies

51
Q

cohort studies can either be ___ or ___.

A

prospective or retrospective

52
Q

name 4 challenges for cohort studies.

A
  • misclassification of exposure
  • bias
  • attrition
  • outcome may not occur in sufficient numbers
53
Q

___ studies are not appropriate for studying rare conditions.

A

cohort

54
Q

a method of observational investigation in which groups of individuals are purposely selected on the basis of whether or not they have the health condition under study.

A

case-control studies

55
Q

those with the target condition

A

cases

56
Q

those who do not have the target condition

A

controls

57
Q

____ studies are useful for studying rare conditions.

A

case-control

58
Q

____ studies are useful for studying rare conditions.

A

case-control

58
Q

____ studies are useful for studying rare conditions.

A

case-control

59
Q

a case-control study looks back in time to find the __ __ btwn a specific exposure and an outcome.

A

relative risk

60
Q

a ___ ___ of ppl who do not have the disease or who did not experience the event is used for comparison.

A

control group

61
Q

what is the goal of case-control studies?

A

to figure out the relationship btwn risk factors and disease or outcome and estimate the odds of an individual getting a disease or experiencing an event.

62
Q

name 5 challenges for case-control studies.

A
  • selection bias
  • observation bias
  • recall bias
  • confounding
  • matching cases and controls on other relevant factors, such as age or gender
63
Q

cases and controls from otherwise similar population

A

selection bias

64
Q

those with a condition may have better recall of exposures

A

recall bias

65
Q

experimental design studies where we manipulate info

A

explanatory studies

66
Q

we do not manipulate anything, we just look at things happening in the world around us - to explore/find relationships

A

exploratory studies

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