Week 4 - Ethics and Participants

Question 1

the aggregate of persons or objects that meet a specified set of criteria, and to whom we wish to generalize results of a study.

Answer 1

population

Question 2

a subgroup of the population. serves as the reference group to estimate characteristics of and to draw conclusions about the population.

Answer 2

sample

Question 3

overall group to which findings will be generalized

Answer 3

target population

Question 4

persons who have an actual chance to be selected, who are available

Answer 4

accessible population

Question 5

derived from the accessible population

Answer 5

sample

Question 6

the primary traits of the target and accessible populations that will make someone eligible to be a participant.

Answer 6

inclusion criteria

Question 7

factors that would preclude someone from being a subject.

Answer 7

exclusion criteria

Question 8

offer each respondent an equal probability or chance at being included in the sample. they are considered to be: objective, empirical, scientific, quantitative, representative

Answer 8

probability samples

Question 9

relies on the researcher selecting the respondents. they are considered to be: interpretivist, subjective, not scientific, qualitative, unrepresentative

Answer 9

non probability sample

Question 10

Name 4 types of probability sampling.

Answer 10

• simple random sampling
• systematic sampling
• stratified random sampling
• cluster sampling

Question 11

• involves selecting anybody from the accessible population entirely at random.
• each person within the population has an equal chance of being selected.
• a full list of everyone within a sample frame is required.
• random number tables or a computer is then used to select respondents at random from the list.

Answer 11

random sampling

Question 12

every subset of a specified size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Answer 12

simple random sample

Question 13

assumes that the population is randomly ordered.

Answer 13

systematic random sampling

Question 14

Describe the procedure for systematic random sampling.

Answer 14

• number units in population from 1 to N.
• decide on the n that you want or need.
• N/n = k the interval size.
• randomly select a number from 1 to k.
• take every kth unit.

Question 15

-is possible when it makes sense to partition the population into groups based on a factor that may influence the variable that is being measured.

Answer 15

stratified random sampling

Question 16

groups within the population that have been created based on a specific factor

Answer 16

strata/stratum

Question 17

When does stratified sampling work best?

Answer 17

when a heterogeneous population is split into fairly homogenous groups.

Question 18

if sampling fraction is equal for each stratum

Answer 18

proportionate stratified random sampling

Question 19

unequal sampling fraction in each stratum

Answer 19

disproportionate stratified random sampling

Question 20

Describe cluster random sampling.

Answer 20

• divide the population into groups (clusters).
• obtain a simple random sample from all possible clusters.
• obtain data on every sampling unit in each of the randomly selected clusters.

Question 21

include all accessible subjects as part of the sample.

Answer 21

consecutive sampling

Question 22

• involves selecting the nearest and most convenient people to participate in the research.
• not representative and is considered a very unsatisfactory way to conduct research.

Answer 22

convenience sampling

Question 23

• used when the research is focused on participants with very specific characteristics such as being members of a gang.
• having identified and contacted one gang member, the researcher asks to be put in touch with any friends or associates who are also gang members.

Answer 23

snowball sampling

Question 24

Name 4 factors affecting power.

Answer 24

1. size of the effect
2. standard deviation of the characteristic
3. bigger sample size
4. significance level desired

Question 25

Name 2 statistical tests used to measure how representative of the whole population the sample data you have collected is.

Answer 25

• standard error

- confidence levels

Question 26

using the standard deviation of the population and the sample size, a statistical calculation can measure the degree of error likely to occur btwn the results of a sample and the results of a census.

Answer 26

standard error

Question 27

the ___ the sample, the ____ the standard error.

Answer 27

larger, lower

Question 28

based on the distribution of the sample

Answer 28

confidence levels