Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1002PSY > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Disorders - Middle Ages

A

Middle ages
► Possession by demons
► Exorcism of evil spirits thought responsible for mental illness
► Trephination: drilling holes into skull to let out demons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychological Disorders - Bedlam

A

Bedlam
► St Mary of Bethlehem Priory, England, founded in 1247
► Operated for five centuries as institution for mentally ill
► Gentry would pay to admission to watch the antics of the mad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychological Disorders - Changing Views

A

Changing views…
► an illness, but mental rather than physical
► People like Phillipe Pinel and William Tuke ushered in a more humane approach to the treatment of the mentally ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Process of Diagnosis

A 
The clinical interview
► Current symptoms
► History of symptoms
► Impact of symptoms on functioning
► Hypothesis testing
Collateral information
► Family members, friends, GPs, teachers, etc.
Psychometric assessment (e.g., Beck’s Depression Inventory, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mental Disorder

A

A syndrome (group of associated features) that is characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognitions, emotion, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Not mental disorders

A

It is not:
► An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor
► Socially deviant behaviour or conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society (e.g. criminality), unless the deviance/conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why classify abnormal behaviour ?

A
  • Assists communication
  • Assists research
  • Assists understanding of causality
  • Assists treatment selection
  • Facilitates comparisons across time and geographic areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disorders classified by

A

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
► DSM (1952) | DSM-II (1968) | DSM-III (1980) | DSM-III-R (1987) | DSM-IV (1994) | DSM-IV-TR (2000) | DSM-5 (2013)
World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diagnostic Categories

A

Anxiety disorders | Mood disorders | Schizophrenia | Obsessive-compulsive disorders | Personality disorders | Dissociative disorders | Eating disorders | Trauma-related disorders | Conduct disorders | Substance-related disorders | Somatic symptom disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Criticism of classifying behaviour

A 
Categories versus dimensions
► DSM-5 has introduced a dimensional approach that allows clinicians to rate disorders along a continuum of severity
- Pejorative labels/terminology
- Danger of self-fulfilment
- Reliability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prevalence

A

Proportion of people in a defined population who have the condition at a specified point in time (or during a period of time)
► e.g., How many Australian adults would currently meet criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Incidence

A

Frequency of new cases identified during a specified period of time
► e.g., The number of new cases of Major Depressive Disorder diagnosed in Australian adults in 2015

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Comorbidity

A

Co-occurrence of disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Characterised by feelings of excessive fear, anxiety, and related behavioural disturbances
► Out of proportion to environmental threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Generalised Anxiety Disorders (GAD)

A
  • Persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities (for at least 6 months)
  • Perseverative, negative thinking about things that can go wrong
  • Accompanied by symptoms such as restlessness, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, irritability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Panic Disorders - Anxiety

A
  • Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety and intense fear that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly
  • Often leads to avoidance of precipitating conditions
    Can develop agoraphobia
    ► Fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or help might not be available in the event of embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Panic Attacks - Anxiety

A

Panic attack: abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes
► Heart palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
► Trembling or shaking
► Feelings of choking
► Nausea or abdominal distress
► Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
► Chill or heat sensations
► Fear of losing control, “going crazy”, or dying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Specific Phobia - Anxiety

A
  • Persistent irrational fear or anxiety about a specific object, activity, or situation (e.g. spiders, heights, flying, receiving an injection)
  • Avoidance of situations
  • Treated with exposure therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

► Marked fear or anxiety about social situations (fear of possible scrutiny or negative evaluation)
► Frequently concerned about others noticing anxiety symptoms
- Treated with exposure therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anxiety Aetiology - Biological

A 
BIOLOGICAL
- Biological preparedness (evolutionary)
- Neurochemistry
► Low levels of GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric acid)
► Low levels of serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anxiety Twin Studies - Biological

A

Twin studies and family studies show moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders
► MZ twins: If one twin has an anxiety disorder, 35% chance other twin will have an anxiety disorder
► DZ twins: If one twin has an anxiety disorder, 15% chance other twin will have an anxiety disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anxiety Aetiology - Environmental

A

ENVIRONMENTAL

  • Diathesis-stress hypothesis
  • Genetic factors place an individual at risk…BUT… environmental stress factors must impinge in order for the potential risk to manifest itself
  • Severe stressors
  • Negative life events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anxiety Aetiology - Cognitive

A

COGNITIVE
Overestimate likelihood or nature of threat
► Perceive ambiguous situations as threatening, and focus excessive attention on perceived threats
- Underestimate ability to cope with threat
- Selective recall of threat information
‘Vicious Cycle’ of Anxiety
►Trigger –>
Cognition | Behaviours | Physical Symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Characterised by disturbance in emotion or mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Major Depressive Disorder - Mood Disorders

A
  • Persistent depressed mood and anhedonia
  • Other symptoms: disturbances in appetite, sleep, energy level, concentration, feelings of worthlessness, suicidal thoughts/attempts
  • Symptoms present most of the day, nearly every day, for a minimum of 2 weeks
  • Major depressive episodes are often recurrent
26
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder - Mood Disorders

A
  • Also known as dysthymia

- Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, more days than not, for at least 2 years

27
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder - Mood Disorders

A
  • A depressive syndrome that occurs during a particular season
  • Characterised by mood and behaviour changes with regular seasonal climatic variation
28
Q

Bipolar Disorder - Mood Disorders

A
  • Experience both emotional “poles” of depression and mania
    Manic episode:
    Abnormally elevated or expansive mood, excessive happiness and euphoria in combination with several additional symptoms: grandiosity, decreased sleep, racing thoughts, constant need to speak, psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
29
Q

Mood Disorder Aetiology - Biological

A

BIOLOGICAL
Neurochemistry
► Serotonin (low -> depression, high -> mania)
► Noradrenaline (low -> depression, high -> mania)

30
Q

Mood Disorders Twin Studies - Biological

A

Twin studies
► MZ twins: if one twin has an mood disorder, 65% chance other twin will have an mood disorder
► DZ twins: if one twin has an mood disorder, 15% chance other twin will have an mood disorder

31
Q

Mood Disorders Aetiology - Cognitive

A

Negative triad: Negative views about self, world, and future
Cognitive distortions:
► Automatic/implicit processing of positive and neutral information in negative way
► Memory bias for sad events
- Learned helplessness, pessimistic attribution style
- Rumination

32
Q

Mood Disorders Aetiology - Environmental

A

ENVIRONMENTAL

  • Diathesis-stress hypothesis
  • Severe stressors
  • Negative life events
  • Early childhood and family environment– disruptive, hostile, negative
  • Social isolation, lack of intimate relationships
33
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia involves disturbances in nearly every dimension of human psychology – thought, perception, behaviour, language, communication, emotion

34
Q

Schizophrenia - Positive Symptoms

A

Excesses, presence of abnormal features
► Hallucinations, delusions
► Loosening of associations, disordered thought/speech
► Inappropriate emotions, bizarre behaviour

35
Q

Schizophrenia - Negative Symptoms

A 
Deficits, absence of normal features
► Flat/blunted affect
► Lack of motivation, apathy
► Social withdrawal
► Intellectual impairment (e.g., impoverished thought)
36
Q

Schizophrenia - Hallucinations

A

► Perceptual experiences (e.g., visual, auditory, tactile)
► Either gross distortion of perceptual input OR Occur in absence of real, external stimulus
► Auditory hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices) – most common

37
Q

Schizophrenia - Delusions

A

False beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality

38
Q

Schizophrenia - Delusions associated belief

A 
Persecution
Reference
Grandeur
Identity
Guilt
Control
39
Q

Persecution - Schizophrenia

A

Belief that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm them

40
Q

Reference - Schizophrenia

A

Belief that objects, events, or other people have particular significance to them

41
Q

Grandeur - Schizophrenia

A

Belief that they have great power, knowledge, or talent

42
Q

Identity - Schizophrenia

A

Belief that they are someone else
(e.g., Jesus Christ, the Queen)

43
Q

Guilt - Schizophrenia

A

Belief that they have committed a terrible sin

44
Q

Control - Schizophrenia

A

Belief that their thoughts and behaviours are being controlled by external forces

45
Q

Loosening of Associations - Schizophrenia

A

Tendency for conscious thought to move along associative lines rather than to be controlled, logical, and purposeful
► Reflected in speech
Disorganised speech:
► Loosening of associations
► Word salad
Deterioration of adaptive behaviour e.g. social, occupational, personal hygiene

46
Q

Schizophrenia Aetiology - Biological

A

BIOLOGICAL
Neurochemistry
► Excessive dopamine

47
Q

Schizophrenia Twin Studies - Biological

A

Twin studies
► MZ twins: if one twin has schizophrenia, 48% chance other twin will have schizophrenia
► DZ twins: if one twin has schizophrenia, 17% chance other twin will have schizophrenia

48
Q

Schizophrenia Aetiology - Environmental

A

ENVIRONMENTAL
- Diathesis-stress hypothesis
- Birth complications, viruses, malnutrition
- Stressful life events (in combination with emotional reactivity)
- Expressed emotion within family
► Highly critical/hostile attitudes
► Emotionally over-involved/intrusive family members
- Child abuse
*look up image

49
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorders

A

Obsessions:
Intrusive, repeated, distressing thoughts, ideas or urges
Compulsions:
Repetitive behaviours or mental acts the person feels forced to carry out (usually to reduce anxiety associated with obsessions)

50
Q

OCD main types

A

► Checking
► Contamination
► Hoarding
► Intrusive thoughts

51
Q

Personality Disorders

A
  • An enduring maladaptive pattern of thought, feeling, and behaviour
  • The pattern is inflexible & stable, pervasive across situations
  • The pattern causes clinically significant disturbance / impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
  • The pattern is traceable back at least to adolescence or early adulthood
52
Q

Paranoid PD

A

suspicious, mistrusts loyalties, reluctant to confide, bears grudges, perceives attacks on reputation

53
Q

Borderline PD

A

instability in relationships, poor sense of identity,poor affect regulation; impulsivity; recurrent suicidal/self-harm

54
Q

Antisocial PD

A

disregard for rights of others; deceitfulness; lack of remorse/empathy; reckless disregard for safety; law violations

55
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

grandiose, self-important, arrogant, entitled, lacks empathy/interest in others, envious, interpersonally exploitative

56
Q

Dependent PD

A

submissive, clingy, excessive need to be taken care of, feels helpless when alone, desperately seeks relationships

57
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A
  • Characterised by disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity, or perception
  • Associated with amnesia
58
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A
  • Colloquially known as multiple personality disorder
  • At least two distinct personalities exist within same person
  • Generally reflect history of trauma/abuse
59
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Refusal to maintain body weight at minimally normal weight for age & height (< 85% expected weight)
  • Intense fear of gaining weight, even though underweight
  • Distorted body image
  • Food restriction, excessive exercise, vomiting
  • Health implications (e.g., brittle bones, heart attack, death)
60
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Binge-and-purge syndrome

1002PSY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions