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1002PSY > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A
  • The driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things / avoid others
  • Energises, directs, & sustains our behaviour
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2
Q

Types of Motivation

A

Primary/Biological

Secondary/Psychosocial

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3
Q

Primary Motivation

A

Primary/Biological
Origin:
- built into biology of species 
(universal)
Consequences of Deprivation:
- ­physical illness
­ death
Examples
- ­hunger ­thirst ­sex ­sleep
­ elimination

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4
Q

Secondary Motivation

A

Secondary/Psychosocial
Origin:
- acquired through experience (individual & cultural differences)
Consequences of Deprivation:
- ­unpleasant emotions, ­psychological trauma
Examples:
- ­status ­power ­affiliation ­achievement

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5
Q

Psychodynamic Motivation

A

Drive/instinct model
► Sex or libido (life): desire for pleasure, love, sexual intercourse
► Aggression (death): elimination of enemies, prevention of harm
Two additional needs:
► Relatedness
► Self-esteem

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6
Q

Conscious Motives - Psychodynamic

A

Conscious motives
► Motives you are consciously aware of
► Flexible & controllable, activated when goal/task at hand
► Assessed via self-report, non-projective tests

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7
Q

Unconscious Motives - Psychodynamic

A

Unconscious motives…
► Motives expressed over time without conscious effort / awareness
► Assessed via projective tests (e.g. Thematic Apperception Test)

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8
Q

Psychodynamic Motivation Redevelopment

A

A modern reconceptualisation of drives…
► Wishes: represent desired states -> positive feelings
► Fears: represent undesired states -> negative feelings

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9
Q

Thematic Apperception Test - Psychodynamic

A

Present ambiguous stimuli:
What is happening? Who are these people? What led to this? What happens next?
- Responses presumed to tell us something about the individual’s unconscious motivations
- Person presumed to project needs, hidden desires, impulses, conflicts when describing/explaining stimuli

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10
Q

TAT predictions

A

Sometimes highly predictive of future outcomes
► Achievement themes -> business/entrepreneurial success
► Intimacy themes @ age 30 -> marital adjustment 20 years later
TAT does not often correlate with self-report
TAT predicts different outcomes to self-report
► TAT predicts long-term outcomes
► Self-report predicts in-the-moment effort & success
Evidence for two different types of motives

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11
Q

Behavioural Motivation

A

Avoid “motivation” label; suggests causal role of internal states that we cannot measure
Operant conditioning: We are motivated to engage in behaviours that are rewarded & avoid behaviours that are punished by environment
However, internal state influences reinforcement…
► Hungry vs. sated rat

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12
Q

Drive Reduction Theory - Behavioural

A

Drive-Reduction Theory
Behaviour is motivated out of desire for drive-reduction
Drive: state of tension arising from physiological deprivation (need)
Critique:
► Ignores boredom, need for stimulation
► Ignores other cognitive processes
*Homeostasis -> Biological Need -> Drive -> Goal Directed Behaviour -> Need Satisfied

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13
Q

Cognitive Motivation - Goal Setting Theory

A

Conscious goals motivate our behaviour, especially performance on work tasks
Maximum job performance occurs only under certain conditions:
► Discrepancy between has / wants
► Specific (rather than general) goals
► Somewhat challenging (not too easy) goals
► Belief in ability to attain goal
► High commitment to goal
► Continuing feedback to gauge progress
Locke’s SMART-C formula

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14
Q

Cognitive Motivation - Expectancy-Value Theory

A

Expectancy-Value Theory
Motivation is a joint function of value & expectancy associated with a goal
Value: How much the goal matters to us
Expectancy: How much we believe we can accomplish goal
We will be more motivated to pursue goals if we highly value them & highly expect we are able to accomplish them

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15
Q

Cognitive Motivation -Self-Determination Theory

A

Self-Determination Theory
Two types of motivation
► Extrinsic motivation
- Engagement in behaviour due to external outcomes
► Intrinsic motivation
- Engagement in behaviour for its own sake, due to personal interest & enjoyment

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16
Q

Needs for Self-Determination Theory

A

Three fundamental needs:
1. Competence
► Need to feel effective & capable
2. Autonomy
► Need to feel agentic & free from external control
3. Relatedness
► Need to belong, feel meaningfully connected to others
Conditions that allow individuals to meet these three needs are considered to be most intrinsically motivating

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17
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • People motivated by desire for personal growth
  • Needs organised in a hierarchy
  • If an individual’s needs are not met, they cannot be motivated by the needs at the next level
  • image
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18
Q

Evolutionary Motivation

A

Humans motivated to maximise reproductive success (both own & genetically related others):
► Survival: stay alive
► Reproduction: spread one’s genes
► Inclusive fitness: protect one’s genes
Primary motives that emerge cross-culturally
► Power► Love

19
Q

Psychosocial Motivation - Relatedness

A

Attachment
Intimacy
Affiliation

20
Q

Psychosocial Relatedness - Attachment

A

desire for physical & psychological proximity to another person -> comfort & pleasure
► infants, adult love

21
Q

Psychosocial Relatedness - Intimacy

A

closeness -> self-disclosure, warmth, mutual caring

► adult relationships, intimate friendships

22
Q

Psychosocial Relatedness - Affiliation

A

interaction & communication with broader social networks -> obtain support, share experiences
► friends, acquaintances
Important for physical & mental health
► lack of social relationships/support -> depression, sickness, mortality

23
Q

Psychosocial Motivations - Agency

A 
Power
Competence
Autonomy
Self-esteem
Achievement
► Need for achievement = nAch
24
Q

Psychosocial Motives - Achievement

A

Achievement goals reflect a blend of three motives:
Performance-approach goals
Performance-avoidance goals
Mastery goals

25
Q

Performance-approach goals - Achievement

A

► Motivation to attain a goal

► To meet a socially defined standard

26
Q

Performance-avoidance goals - Achievement

A

► Motivation to avoid failure

► Particularly when publicly observable

27
Q

Mastery goals - Achievement

A

► Motivation to increase competence, mastery, or skill on a specific task

28
Q

Emotion

A

An evaluative response to a situation that typically involves:
Physiological arousal
Subjective experience
Behavioural or emotional expression

29
Q

Basic Emotions

A
  • Universal emotions common to human species
  • Similar to primary colours in perception – all other emotions & emotional blends are derived from these
  • Most classifications include 5 – 9 basic emotions
  • Ekman identified six cross-cultural emotions
30
Q

Ekman’s 6 emotions

A
  • happy
  • sad
  • fear
  • anger
  • surprise
  • disgust
31
Q

Physiological arousal

A

When we are situations that induce emotions, we tend to become physiologically aroused
► e.g. muscle tension, fast heart rate, sweaty palms
But what comes first?
► The experience of the emotion or the arousal?
► Does fear come before a pounding heart? Or is it the other way around?

32
Q

Common sense Physiological Arousal

A

Stimulus -> Emotion -> Arousal

33
Q

James-Lange Physiological Arousal

A

Stimulus -> Arousal -> Emotion

34
Q

Cannon-Bard Physiological Arousal

A

Stimulus -> Brain Activity -> Arousal + Emotion

35
Q

Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

A
  • Emphasised cognitive appraisals
  • Appraisal of situation to identify emotion
  • Physiological changes due to lots of different situations
  • Cognitively appraise context of situation to label physiological responses as reflecting a particular emotion
  • Physiological arousal not tied to specific emotions
36
Q

Subjective Experience - Intensity

A

Emotional experience varies in intensity
► e.g. content vs. happy vs. ecstatic
Individuals differ in emotional intensity
► Extreme upper-end of bell curve: severe personality disorders, emotions spiral out of control
► Extreme lower-end of bell curve: people who do not appear to have emotional states, indifferent
-> Alexithymia: inability to recognise own feelings

37
Q

Subjective Experience - Valence

A

Positive affect: pleasant emotions (e.g. happiness)
► We usually try to pursue these emotions
Negative affect: unpleasant emotions (e.g. sadness, anxiety)
► We usually try to avoid these emotions
Within these two factors, emotions are usually correlated► People who experience one negative emotion (e.g. sadness) tend to also experience others (e.g. anxiety, guilt)
- Individual differ in emotional experience & preference for emotions

38
Q

Pennebaker et al. (1989) Negative Emotions

A

► Holocaust survivors spoke for 2 hours about their experiences
► More expressed emotion -> better health over a year later

39
Q

Kelley et al. (1997)

A

► Patients with painful arthritis spoke into tape recorder about stressful or trivial events
► Speaking about stressful events -> better emotional/physical shape three months later
► More unpleasant emotion while speaking about stressful events -> less painful joints three months later

40
Q

Overt Emotional Expression

A 
Different ways emotion can be expressed:
► Facial expressions
► Posture
► Gestures
► Tone of voice
41
Q

Facial Expressions

A
  • We can assess both valence (positive vs. negative) & intensity of emotion by detecting facial muscle movements
  • Facial expression can not only indicate, but also influence emotional experience (Ekman et al., 1993)
    ► When people imitate positive & negative expressions, their emotions tend to change accordingly
42
Q

Emotion Regulation

A

Efforts to control emotional states
People can regulate emotions before or after they occur
► Reframe meaning of event beforehand -> less upsetting
► Suppress emotion after event -> relatively ineffective
Gender differences:
► Men often inhibit fear & sadness
► Women often inhibit anger

43
Q

Positive Emotion Expression

A

People who express positive emotion usually have better social outcomes than people who do not
EXCEPT when winning
► Non-expressive winners evaluated more positively & more likely to be befriended compared to expressive winners
(Kalokerinos et al., 2014)

44
Q

Happiness

A 
Happiness is NOT related to:
► Gender
► Age
► Attractiveness
Happiness is related to:
► Living in a democracy
► Culture (individualist happier than collectivist)
► Social connections
► Strong religious faith
► Money?

1002PSY (11 decks)

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