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1002PSY > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A
  • The study of human social behaviour
  • Identify regularities in social behaviour
  • Study various aspects of interaction between individuals, between and within social groups, and between individuals and social systems, small or large
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2
Q

Attitudes

A

A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour

Three components of attitudes:
► Affect
► Behavioural dispositions
► Cognition

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3
Q

Attitudes vary in

A

► Valence (positive -> negative, can be ambivalent)
► Strength (weak -> strong)
► Complexity (simple -> complex)
► Accessibility (implicit -> explicit)

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4
Q

Attitude formation

A
  • Experience/”mere exposure”
  • Operation conditioning: reward + punishment
  • Classical conditioning: association
  • > Spreading Attitude Effect
  • Social learning/modelling
  • Self-Perception Theory
  • > Infer our attitudes from our behaviour
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5
Q

Attitude Change Yale Model

A

FOUR FACTORS:

  • Source/communicator
  • Recipient/audience
  • Message
  • Channel
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6
Q

Source/Communicator - Attitude Change Yale Model

A
  • Credibility (e.g. expertise, trustworthiness) ^
  • Similarity ^
  • Attractiveness? ^ under certain conditions
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7
Q

Recipient/audience - Attitude Change Yale Model

A
  • Gender and age: mixed results
  • Intelligence - decrease
  • Pre-existing attitude strength - decrease
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8
Q

Message - Attitude Change Yale Model

A
  • Amount, clarity, complexity, comprehensibility
  • Balance: two-sided arguments for well-informed audiences
  • Fear? ^ under certain conditions…
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9
Q

Channel - Attitude Change Yale Model

A
  • Audio/visual for easy messages
  • Written for difficult messages
  • In person better
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10
Q

Attitude Change - Attractiveness

A

DEBONO & TELESCA (1990)
Method
- Attractive vs. unattractive woman selling product
- Strong vs. weak message
Results
- Attractive woman more persuasive, but only for strong message

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11
Q

Attitude Change - Fear

A

JANIS & FESHBACH (1953)
Method
- Intervention on school children
- Varied the extent of fear in message about dental hygiene (low fear vs. high fear)
- Change in dental hygiene practices recorded
Results
- Participants given high fear message less likely to report better dental hygiene habits (28% vs. 50%)

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12
Q

Opposing Research for Attitude Changes with Fear

A

Protection motivation theory
► Fear works best if coupled with information on how to effectively respond
Inverted U-curve between fear & attitude change:
► Fear has to be optimal to be most effective (backfires if extreme)

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13
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

When are we likely to elaborate on the quality of the message itself rather than be swayed by such cues as attractiveness or fear?

  • look up image
  • look up routes image
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14
Q

Attitudes and Behaviour LAPIERE (1934)

A

LAPIERE (1934)
Travelled US with Chinese couple – visited 251 establishments
► Only 1 establishment turned them away
Sent letters to all establishments asking “Would you accept members of the Chinese race as guests in your establishment?
► 28 establishments replied
► 92% said NO

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15
Q

Differences in attitudes and behaviours explanations

A
  • Competing attitudes
    Attitudes towards sedentary behaviour outweigh attitudes towards exercise
  • Self-efficacy/perceived behavioural control
    Attitudes towards a career are outweighed by perceived ability to achieve
  • Social norms & groups
    Attitudes towards clothing is outweighed by social normative attitudes
  • Habit
    Attitudes towards behaviour is outweighed by longstanding habit
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16
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A
  • What happens when you remind someone their attitude is inconsistent with their behaviour?
  • Inconsistency between cognitions/behaviours results in an aversive psychological state called dissonance
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17
Q

Reducing Cognitive Dissonance

A

► Changing one of the cognitions/behaviours
► Reducing importance of one of the cognitions/behaviours
► Adding additional consonant cognitions/behaviours

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18
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Study

A

FESTINGER & CARLSMITH (1959)
Method
Participants completed simple motor task for 1 hour
Randomly allocated into three groups:
► No dissonance/control: left the experiment after
► Low dissonance: paid $20 to tell next person task was fun
► High dissonance: paid $1 to tell next person task was fun
Rated the enjoyability of task

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19
Q

Low dissonance - Festinger and Carlsmith 1959

A
  • Cognition of thinking task is boring conflicts with the behaviour of saying task was fun
    BUT…behaviour of saying task was fun, could be justified because of the high reward associated with it
  • Rated the task as low enjoyment
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20
Q

High dissonance - Festinger and Carlsmith 1959

A
  • Cognition of thinking task is boring conflicts with the behaviour of saying task was fun
  • Behaviour of saying task was fun CANNOT be sufficiently justified by reward – too low!
  • Justify behaviour by changing cognitions about task
  • Rated task as higher enjoyment
21
Q

Social Cognition

A

The aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations and about social institutions

22
Q

Schemas

A
  • Schemas are cognitive structures that represent knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus
  • Formed on the basis of past experience (both direct & indirect)
  • Schemas are like theories
23
Q

Types of Schemas

A 
Self schema
Person schema
Role schema
Social group schemas
Event schemas/scripts
24
Q

Self Schema

A

knowledge structures about the self

25
Q

Person Schema

A

knowledge structures about specific people

26
Q

Role Schema

A

knowledge structures about role occupants

27
Q

Social Group Schemas

A

knowledge structures about social groups (when widely shared -> stereotypes)

28
Q

Event Schemas/Scripts

A

knowledge structures about events

29
Q

Impression Formation

A
  • The process through which people observe other people, interpret information about them, draw inferences about them and develop mental representations of them
  • Forms the basis for the way we think, feel, and behave towards others
  • Not objective and not necessarily accurate
30
Q

Primacy Bias - Impression Formation

A

Primacy:
Information presented first disproportionately influences impression (stronger & more common)
► Central traits that affect interpretation of later traits?
► More attention given to first trait?

31
Q

Recency Bias - Impression Formation

A

Recency:
Information presented last has more impact than earlier information
► When distracted
► When little motivation to attend

32
Q

Primacy and Recency Study

A

Order effects: Asch (1946)

  • Participants given list of traits describing a person
    1. intelligent-industrious-impulsive-critical-stubborn-envious
    2. envious-stubborn-critical-impulsive-industrious-intelligent
  • Then asked to rate the person on other traits(e.g. generous, wise, happy, good-natured, reliable)
  • Rated lower on positive traits when beginning with envious
33
Q

Positive Valence Affects - Impression Formation Bias

A

Positive impressions typically formed in absence of any negative information
► Halo effect
► Easily changed in light of subsequent negative information

34
Q

Negative Valence Affects - Impression Formation Bias

A

Negative impressions formed when there is any sign of negative information
► Difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information
► We are biased towards negativity
-> Unusual & distinctive, attracts our attention
-> Signifies potential danger, detection has survival value

35
Q

Valence Study

A

Valence effects: Asch (1946)

  • Participants given list of traits describing a person
  • List contained either “warm” or “cold”
  • Then asked to rate the person on other traits(e.g. generous, wise, happy, good-natured, reliable)
  • Rated lowly for positive traits except for reliable (rated higher) when “cold”
36
Q

Stereotypes - Impression Formation Bias

A
  • We often pre-judge others who belong to certain groups
    ► Assume that their membership in that group confers certain traits
  • Related to social group schemas
  • Often oversimplified and inaccurate
  • Basis of prejudice and discrimination
37
Q

Heuristics

A
  • Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences for most of us, most of the time
  • Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions
  • Most of the time, they serve us well
    Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate
    Examples:
    ► Representativeness heuristic
    ► Availability heuristic
38
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles a prototype/schema
As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information

Example: Tom likes reading the newspaper, is interested in politics and can usually be seen in a business suit. Is Tom more likely to work in Queensland or Canberra?

39
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of an event by how quickly or easily instances come to mind
Frequency of event is not the only thing that influences the ease with which events come to mind
► How salient/noticeable the event is
► How recent the event is
Example: Are you more likely to die travelling by car or plane?

40
Q

Attribution

A
  • The processes by which people infer the causes of their own and others’ behaviour
  • We don’t just passively observe behaviour
  • Social perception motivated by need to predict and control the environment
    Attribute behaviour to either…
    ► Internal, dispositional factors: individual personality characteristics
    ► External, situational factors: environmental influences, context
41
Q

Attribution - Kelley’s Covariation Model

A 
Covariation principle: 
People attribute a behaviour to the cause with which it covaries most closely over time
Assumes we have 3 types of information:
► Consistency
► Distinctiveness
► Consensus
42
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model - Consistency

A

whether or not this person’s behaviour is the same across time and context
► low consistency – person’s behaviour doesn’t happen all the time -> SITUATION
► high consistency – person’s behaviour happens all the time -> PERSON/TARGET

43
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model - Distinctiveness

A

► low distinctiveness – person behaves like this toward any target -> PERSON
► high distinctiveness – person behaves like this toward this target alone -> TARGET

44
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model - Consensus

A

► low consensus – no one else behaves like this toward this target -> PERSON
► high consensus – everyone else behaves like this toward this target -> TARGET

45
Q

Attribution Errors

A 
Psychologists have implied that attribution is a highly rational process
But there is evidence of bias
What errors do we often make?
► Fundamental attribution error
► Actor-observer bias
► Self-serving bias
46
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to attribute other’s behaviour to internal, dispositional qualities rather than to external, situational factors

47
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

Tendency to attribute

  • Others’ behaviour to internal, dispositional qualities rather than to external, situational factors
  • Own behaviour to external, situational factors rather than to internal, dispositional factors
  • Extension of fundamental attribution error
48
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Tendency to attribute:
- Successes -> stable, internal factors
- Failures -> temporary, external factors
Why?
► Self-presentation: make us look better to other people
► Enhance self-esteem: make us feel better about ourselves
- Some people have a pessimistic attribution style (flipped)
► Prone to depression

1002PSY (11 decks)

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