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1002PSY > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Health compromising behaviours

A

e. g. disordered eating, alcohol/substance abuse, smoking, unsafe sexual practices, excessive exposure to sun
- Psychological factors that influence physical & psychological health directly
- Psychological responses to physical & psychological health

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2
Q

Health promoting behaviours

A

e. g. exercise, healthy eating, health risk screening, dental hygiene, safe sexual practices
- Psychological factors that influence physical & psychological health directly
- Psychological responses to physical & psychological health

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3
Q

Health Belief Model

A 
PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY 
PERCEIVED SEVERITY
BENEFITS & BARRIERS TO ACTION
CUES TO ACTION
SELF-EFFICACY
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4
Q

Perceived susceptibility - HBM

A

individual’s perception that they are likely to contract a particular condition

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5
Q

Perceived severity - HBM

A

individual’s perception of the how serious a condition is, the impact it will have on their lives

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6
Q

Benefits and barriers to action - HBM

A

individual’s evaluations of the benefits & costs to be gained from stopping behaviour

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7
Q

Cues to action - HBM

A

ancillary factors that influence whether or not person is willing to engage in health behaviour

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8
Q

Self efficacy - HBM

A

individual’s confidence in their ability to take action

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9
Q

Theory of Reasoned Action

A 
Attitudes Towards Behaviour
- what are the outcomes of engaging in this behaviour?
\+
Subjective Norm
- do others think I should engage in this behaviour?
-->
Intention
-->
Behaviour
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10
Q

Theory of Planned Behaviour

A 
Attitudes Towards Behaviour
- what are the outcomes of engaging in this behaviour?
\+
Subjective Norm
- do others think I should engage in this behaviour?
\+
Perceived Behavioural Control 
- can I engage in this behaviour? (links to behaviour)
-->
Intention
-->
Behaviour
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11
Q

Transtheoretical Model

A

*look up image

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12
Q

Barriers to Health Promotion - Groups

A
  • Individual
  • Family
  • Health system barriers
  • Community, cultural & ethnic barriers
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13
Q

Individual barriers to health promotion

A
  • Health-compromising behaviours are more rewarding in short-term, negative effects do not occur immediately
  • Health-promoting behaviours are less enjoyable, more effortful, positive effects do not occur immediately
  • Unrealistic optimism
  • Motivated ignorance
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14
Q

Family barriers to health promotion

A
  • Parent modelling
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15
Q

Health system barriers to health promotion

A
  • lack of health insurance

- doctor-patient relationship

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16
Q

Community, cultural and ethnic barriers to health promotion

A
  • social norms

- impoverishment

17
Q

Stress

A
  • Stress is a challenge to one’s capacity to adapt to inner & outer demands
  • Stress threatens or is perceived to threaten one’s wellbeing, & therefore taxes one’s coping abilities
  • Stress is an everyday event
18
Q

Stress Appraisal

A

PRIMARY APPRAISAL
Is a situation stressful, benign, or irrelevant?

–>

SECONDARY APPRAISAL
How do I respond to this stress?

  • emotional forecasting
  • stress is in the eye of the beholder
19
Q

Stress - Major Types

A

Lazarus’ three types:
- Harm or loss
Damage that has already occurred (e.g. accident, job loss)
- Threat
Anticipation of harm or loss (e.g. fear of failing, fear of regret)
- Challenge
Opportunity for growth

20
Q

Stress Sources

A

Change / life events
- Noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment
-> Catastrophes
Stressors occurring on a mass level
► Natural (e.g. floods, bushfires, earthquakes, tsunamis)
► Human (e.g. war, conflict)
Associated with loss
- Daily hassles
Irritating, frustrating, distressing everyday demands

21
Q

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A

(Holmes & Rahe, 1997)
measures exposure to stressful life events
Most stressful event – death of loved one (spouse/child)
► Associated with mortality
Acculturative stress: Stress experienced when trying to adapt to a new culture

22
Q

Stress Physiology

A

Fight or Flight (Cannon, 1932)

  • Autonomic nervous system mobilises organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy
  • Not so adaptive in the modern world for humans
  • Lengthy stressors leave individuals in a state of enduring physiological arousal
23
Q

Stress Physiology Examples

A
  • pupils dilate
  • saliva flow decreases
  • quick, deep breathing
  • heart beats harder and faster
  • output of digestive enzymes decreases
  • food movement slows
  • blood vessels constrict; chills and sweating
  • blood pressure increases as major vessels dilate
  • muscles become tense, trembling can occur
24
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye, 1956)

A 
ALARM
Recognition of threat
Heightened physiological arousal
-->
RESISTANCE
Stress continues
Physiological changes stabilise as coping begins
-->
EXHAUSTION
Resources are limited
Physiological arousal decreases
Resistance reduced
Can lead to collapse
25
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye, 1956) 3 stages

A

*look up image

26
Q

Stress and Coping

A

Coping
Active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
- Problem-focused coping
- Emotion-focused coping

27
Q

Problem focused coping

A

► Deal with the stressor itself
► Efforts to change the situation
► Problem solving: remove stressor, resolve situation, seek advice

28
Q

Emotion focused coping

A

► Efforts to alter thoughts

► Efforts to alter unpleasant emotional consequences of stress

29
Q

Stress and Psychological Health Problems

A 
► Poor academic/occupational performance
► Burnout
► Insomnia & other sleep disturbances
► Sexual difficulties
► Alcohol/drug abuse
30
Q

Stress and Psychological Health Disorders

A

► Depression
► Schizophrenia
► Anxiety disorders
► Eating disorders

31
Q

PTSD

A

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

  • Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experienceof a major traumatic event
  • Seen in victims, survivors, witnesses, as well as rescue workers
  • Symptoms: nightmares, flashbacks, emotional numbing, alienation, disrupted social relations, vulnerability, anxiety, anger, guilt (Flannery, 1999)
32
Q

Personality, hostility and heart disease

A 
Heart disease accounts for~40% of deaths
Type A personality
► strong competitive orientation
► impatience & time urgency
► anger & hostility
Type B personality
► relaxed, patient, & easy-going
Type A -> heart disease link primarily due to anger/hostility
33
Q

Immune Functioning

A
  • Immune response is the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances
  • Stressors such as crowding, shock, lack of food & restraint reduce immune functioning in animals (Chiappelli & Hodgson, 2000)
34
Q

Stress and the Common Cold

A

► 394 healthy participants given nasal drops that contained one of five respiratory viruses
► Split into two groups based on stress (low vs. high)
► High-stress participants more likely to develop infections

35
Q

Stress and social support

A 
The presence of others
► in whom one can confide 
► from whom one can expect help & concern
Two hypotheses:
► Buffering hypothesis
► Direct effects hypothesis
Associated with
► Enhanced immune functioning
► Enhanced physiological health
► Mortality
36
Q

Stress and Optimism

A
  • More likely to seek social support
  • More positive appraisals of stressful events
  • Stress dealt with in more adaptive ways
  • Enhanced immune functioning

1002PSY (11 decks)

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