WEEK 9 Flashcards
What are the principles of Growth and
Development?
*Growth
* Development
* Maturation
* Cognitive development
Stages of Growth and Development
first 28 days of life?
Neonate
Stages of Growth andDevelopment
birth to 1 year
Infancy
Stages of Growth and Development
1 to 3 years?
Toddler
Stages of Growth and Development
3 to 6 years?
Preschooler
Stages of Growth and Development
: 6 to 10 years?
School-ager
Stages of Growth and development
10 to 13 years
Prepuberta
Stages of Growth and
13 to 18 + years?
Adolescent
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Infancy
* Interested in oral stimulation
* Mouth is the site of pleasure
* They suck for enjoyment and release of tension and also
for nourishment
ORAL PHASE
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Toddlerhood
* Interest focus on the anal region
* They begin toilet training
* Pleasure in both the retention of feces and defecation
* Self discovery, exerting independence?
ANAL PHASE
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Preschooler
* Genitals is the pleasure zone
* Masturbation is common
* May show exhibitionism
PHALLIC PHASE
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
School-Age
* Libido appears to be diverted into concrete thinking
* No developments as obvious as with earlier periods
LATENT
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Adolescence
* Main event is the establishment of new sexual aims
* Finding new love objects
GENITAL PHASE
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
(1-3 yrs)
* Increasingly independent in many spheres of life
* Nurses should allow for self care & imitation
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
(3-6 yrs)
* Learns to initiate play activities.
* Nurses should encourage to explore environment with
senses, promote imagination?
Initiative vs. Guilt
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
(6-12 yrs)
* Learns self worth as a workers & producers
* Allow children to compete and cooperate
- Industry vs. Inferiority
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
(birth to 1 year)
* Establishes a sense of trust when basic needs are met
* Nurses should provide consistent, loving care
Trust vs. Mistrust:
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
(12-18 yrs)
* Forms identity and establishment
of autonomy from parents
* Peers, society has big influence
* Encourage peer visitation, texting, phone call?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intellectual or Cognitive Development (Piaget)
(birth to 2)
* learns from movement and sensory input.
* learns cause & effect?
Sensorimotor
Intellectual or Cognitive Development (Piaget)
(2 to 7)
* Increasing curiosity and explorative behavior.
* Thinking is concrete
* Egocentrism
Preoperational
Intellectual or Cognitive Development (Piaget)
(11 to 15 to adulthood)
Acquisition of abstract reasoning leading to
Analytical thinking
Problem solving
Planning for the future?
Formal Operations
Intellectual or Cognitive Development (Piaget)
(7 to 11)
* Logical & coherent thought
* Can distinguish fact from fantasy?
Concrete Operational
What are the factors Influencing Growth and
Development
Genetics
* Gender
* Health
* Intelligence
-Temperament
Reaction patterns
* Activity level
* Rhythmicity
* Approach
* Adaptability
* Intensity of reaction
* Distractibility
* Attention span and persistence
* Threshold of response
* Mood quality
* Environment
* Socioeconomic level
* Parent–child relationship
* Ordinal position
* Health
* Nutrition
* Impacts
* Physical growth
* Health maintenance
* Cognitive development
What are the nursing Care Implications of
Stages of Growth and
Development?
- Predictable
- Measureable (objective)
- Physical; emotional; cognitive
- Impact patient teaching
- Impact nursing care strategies
Nursing Care Implications of
Diet and Nutrition
What are the components of healthy diet?
- Protein
- Carbohydrates
- Fat
- Vitamins
- Minerals
What are the adequate nutrition in vegetarian diets?
- Protein
- Calcium
- Iron
- Vitamins and minerals
- Total calories*
What are the MyPlate guidelines?
- Variety of foods
- Balance; portion size; physical activity
- Grain products, fruits, and vegetables
- Diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
- Moderate: sugars, salt/sodium, alcohol
Other examination includes?
-Head and Neck Lymph Node
Chains
-Intercostal (Between Rib)
Spaces
-Chest Contours
What are the purpose for Health Assessment?
- To gather information that will direct physical or
laboratory examinations to complete a thorough
health evaluation - To elicit facts such as parental problems in
childrearing or detection of future health problems - To lay foundation for health education and health
promotion
Health History: Database
- Interview setting
* Types of questions
* Closed ended
* Open ended
* Compound
* Expansive
* Leading - Health interview
* Introduction and explanation
* Demographic data
* Chief concern
* History of chief concern
* Duration; intensity
* Frequency; description
* Associated symptoms; actions taken - Health and family profile
* Day history
* Play
* Sleep
* Hygiene
* Nutrition - Past health history
* Including pregnancy history
* Family health history
* Review of systems
Techniques for Health
Assessment?
-Health interview
-Examinations(* Physical
* Vision
* Hearing
* Speech)
- Appraisals (* Developmental
* Intelligence
* Temperament
* Immunizations
* Informing patient/patient’s parents of results)
Physical Examination includes?
Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, and Auscultation
* Equipment, setting, and approach
* Variations for age and developmental stage
* Newborn
* Infant
* School-age child
* Adolescent
* Body measurements
* Weight
* Height
* Head circumference
* Chest and abdominal circumference
* Assessments
* Skin
* Head
* Eyes
* Conjunctivitis
* Hordeolum
* Ptosis
* Strabismus
* Esotropia
* Exotropia
* Nose
* Ears
* Alignment
* Otoscopic exam
* Ear canal
* Malleus of the inner ear
* Tympanic membrane
* Signs of infection
* Mouth
* Appearance, for symmetry and color of lips
* Number and condition of teeth
* Condition of gums, tongue, uvula, epiglottis, and tonsils
* Neck
* Heart
* PMI
* Heart sounds
* Rhythm
* Newborn, infant, and toddler
* School-age child and adolescent
* Abdomen
* Newborn and infant
* Preschooler and school-age child
* Genitorectal area
* Female genitalia
* Male genitalia
* Inguinal hernia
* Extremities
* Back
* Neurologic function
* Reflexes
* Motor and sensory
Major reflexes elicitation
Vision assessment includes?
- Vision screening
- Techniques
- Snellen chart
- Preschool E chart
- National Association for the Prevention of Blindness Home
Test - Allen cards
- STYCAR cards
- Titmus Vision Tester
- Color vision discrimination testing
- Vision referrals
Hearing assessment includes?
- Auditory screening
- Newborn and infant
- Older children
- Principles of audiometric assessment
- Frequency
- Loudness
- Principles of audiometric assessment—(cont.)
- Hearing loss
- Acoustic impedance testing
- Conduction loss testing
Speech Assessment includes?
- Denver articulation screening
- Administration
- Scoring
Intelligence Appraisal includes?
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
- Stanford–Binet test
- Goodenough-Harris Drawing test
What are the types of communication?
- Nontherapeutic
- Therapeutic
- Components
- Encoder
- Code
- Decoder
- Feedback or response
- Development of language
- Levels of communication
- First level
- Second level
- Third level
- Fourth level
- Fifth level
- Nonverbal
- Distance
- Genuineness
- Warmth
- Empathy
- Gestures
- Nonverbal—(cont.)
- Body posture and gait
- General appearance
- Touch
- Humor
- Drawings
- Music
- Therapeutic communication
- Attentive listening
- Open-ended questions
- Reflecting
- Clarifying
- Paraphrasing
- Therapeutic communication—(cont.)
- Perception checking
- Focusing
- Supportive statements
- Silence
- Process recording
Immunizations include?
- Types
- Available vaccines
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTaP)
- Polio
- Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
- Hepatitis B (HBV)
Available vaccines—(cont.) - Hepatitis A
- Rotavirus
- H. influenzae type B (Hib)
- Varicella
- Pneumococcal pneumonia
- Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- Meningococcal vaccine
- Available vaccines—(cont.)
- Lyme disease
- Influenza
- Anthrax and smallpox
Temperament Appraisal?
- Child’s innate behavioral characteristics
- Activity level
- Rhythmicity
- Tendency to approach or withdraw
- Adaptability to situation
Health teaching includes?
- Art of teaching
- Teacher–learner relationship
- Art of learning
- Types of learning
- Influence of age and stage
What are the factors interfering with communication?
- Age and developmental level
* Intellectual level
* Physical factors
* Technical terminology
* Showing disapproval
* Not showing approval when warranted
* Being defensive
* Cliché advice
* Topping off - Special communication skills
* Shy child
* Angry child
* Demanding child
* Sexually aggressive adolescent
* Child who is not English proficient
* Unconscious child
* Hearing-challenged child
* Vision-challenged child
What are the areas of assessment?
- Sociocultural values
- Attention span
- Lifestyle
- Learning style
- Language level
- Current knowledge
- Intellectual capability
- Physical capabilities
- Psychological or emotional capabilities
Teaching plan includes?
- Formulating the plan
* Identifying personal strengths and limitations
* Preparing expected outcomes
* Identifying teaching formats
* Formal versus informal
* Group versus individual
* Alternative versus institutional setting - Teaching strategies
* Lecture
* Demonstration
* Redemonstration
* Discussion
* Role modeling
* Behavior modification - Teaching tools
* Visual aids
* Pamphlets
* Learning games
* Videotapes, slides, and films
* Puppets and dolls
* Health fairs - Implementing the plan
* Designated teachers
* Parent education - Evaluating effectiveness of teaching
Categories of temperament
Children are rated as “easy to care for” if they have a predictable rhythmicity, approach and adapt to new situations readily, have a mild-to-moderate intensity of reaction, and have an overall positive mood quality?
THE EASY CHILD
Categories of temperament
Some characteristics of both easy and difficult groups are present?
THE INTERMEDIATE CHILD
Categories of temperament
Children are “difficult” if they are irregular in habits, have negative mood quality, and withdraw rather than approach new situations. Only about 10% of children fall into this category?
The Difficult child
Categories of temperament
Children fall in this category if, overall, they are fairly inactive, respond only mildly and adapt slowly to new situations, and have a general negative mood?
THE slow -to -warm -Up Child
