Care of the growing fetus Flashcards by Marie G.

THREE PERIODS OF FETAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT: (first 2 weeks, beginning with
fertilization)?

Pre-embryonic

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THREE PERIODS OF FETAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT: (weeks 3 through 8)?

Embryonic

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THREE PERIODS OF FETAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT: (from week 8 through birth)?

Fetal

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From ovulation to fertilization?

Ovum

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From fertilization to implantation?

Zygote

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From implantation to 5-8 weeks?

Embryo

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From 5-8 weeks until term?

Fetus

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Developing embryo and placental structures throughout pregnancy?

Conceptus

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(also referred to as
conception and impregnation): union of
ovum and spermatozoon?

Fertilization

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The earliest age at which fetuses survive if they are born generally accepted as 24 weeks or at the point a fetus weighs more than 500-600g?

Age of viability

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contact between growing
structure and uterine endometrium,
approximately 8 to 10 days after
fertilization?

Implantation

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It serves as the fetal lungs, kidneys, and
digestive tract in utero as well as help
provide protection for the fetus, begin
growth in early pregnancy in coordination
with embryo growth?

The placenta and membranes

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As early as the 11th or 12th day after
fertilization, miniature villi, resembling
probing fingers and termed ____ ____,
reach out from the trophoblast cells into the
uterine endometrium to begin formation of the
placenta?

chorionic villi

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It is now typically termed
the decidua (the Latin word for “falling
off”) or called Uterine lining because it will
be discarded after birth of the child?

endometrium

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What are the placental hormones?

-hCG,
somatomammotropin(human placental
lactogen [hPL]), estrogen, and progesterone

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Also called Langhans’ layer, appears to have a second
function to protect the growing embryo and
fetus from certain infectious organisms such
as the spirochete of syphilis early in
pregnancy?

cytotrophoblast

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A t the end of 2nd week, finger-like processes formed of outer syncytiotrophoblast and inner cytotrophoblast appear?

PRIMARY CHRIONIC VILLI

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(Latin
for “pancake,” which
is descriptive of its
size and appearance
at term) grows from a
few identifiable trophoblastic cells at the
beginning of pregnancy to an organ 15 to 20 cm
in diameter and 2 to 3 cm in depth, covering
about half the surface area of the internal uterus
at term (Huppertz & Kingdom, 2012)?

Placenta

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“hormone of women”
* contributes to the woman’s
mammary gland development in
* preparation for lactation and
stimulates uterine growth to
accommodate the developing
fetus?

Estrogen

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“hormone that maintains pregnancy.”

Progesterone

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a fail-safe measure to ensure the corpus luteum of
the ovary continues to produce progesterone and estrogen so the
endometrium of the uterus is maintained. hCG also may play a role in suppressing the maternal
immunologic response so placental tissue is not
detected and rejected as a foreign substance?

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin(hCG)

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are hormone with
both growth-promoting and lactogenic (i.e., milkproducing) properties?

Human Placental Lactogen (Human Chorionic
Somatomammotropin)

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is a dual-walled sac with the chorion as the
outmost part and the amnion as the
innermost part?

Amniotic Membranes

constantly being newly formed and
absorbed by direct contact with the fetal
surface of the placenta?

Amniotic fluid

Adisturbance of kidney function may cause _____ or a reduction in the amount of amniotic fluid?

oligohydramnios

Amniotic fluid ranges from ____ at term?

800 to 1,200 ml

excessive amniotic fluid or?

hydramnios (more than2,000 ml in total or pockets of fluid larger than 8 cm on ultrasound) will result

formed from the fetal membranes, the amnion and chorion, and provides a circulatory pathway that connects the embryo to the chorionic villi of the placenta * Its function is to transport oxygen and nutrients to the fetus from the placenta and to return waste products from the fetus to the placenta?

UMBILICAL CORD

Umbilical cord is ____ in length at term and about ____ thick.

53 cm (21 in.);2 cm (0.75 in.)

The bulk of the umbilical cord is a gelatinous mucopolysaccharide called _____, which gives the cord body and prevents pressure on the vein and arteries that pass through it.

Wharton jelly

An umbilical cord contains only one ____ (carrying blood from the placental villi to the fetus) and ____ (carrying blood from the fetus back to the placental villi)

vein;two arteries

Fetal circulation differs from extrauterine circulation because the fetus derives oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide not from gas exchange in the lungs but from exchange in the ___??

placenta

Spontaneous respiratory practice movements begin as early as ____ gestation and continue throughout pregnancy?

3 months

a phospholipid substance, is formed and excreted by the alveolar cells of the lungs beginning at approximately the 24th week of pregnancy. This decreases alveolar surface tension on expiration, preventing alveolar collapse and improving the infant’s ability to maintain respirations in the outside environment at birth?

Surfactant

A ____ (a thickened portion of the ectoderm) is apparent by the third week of gestation. The top portion differentiates into the neural tube, which will form the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the neural crest, which will develop into the peripheral nervous system?

neural plate

By ____, the ear is capable of responding to sound, and the eyes exhibit a pupillary reaction, indicating sight is present?

24 weeks

The _____-supply a precursor necessary for estrogen synthesis by the placenta?

fetal adrenal glands

_____, a collection of cellular wastes, bile, fats, mucoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, and portions of the vernix caseosa (i.e., the lubricating substance that forms on the fetal skin), accumulates in the intestines as early as the 16th week. * _____ is sticky in consistency and appears black or dark green (obtaining its color from bile pigment). An important neonatal nursing responsibility is recording that a newborn has passed meconium asthis rules out a stricture (noncanalization) of the anus?

Meconium

another symphysis– fundal height measurement (although, again, not documented to be thoroughly reliable), is an easy method of determining midpregnancy growth?

McDonald’s rule

The testes first form in the abdominal cavity and do not descend into the scrotal sac Until the ____week of intrauterine life?

34th to 38th

A child’s sex is determined at the moment of conception by a spermatozoon carrying an X or a Y chromosome and can be ascertained as early as ___ by chromosomal analysis or analysis of fetal cells in the mother’s bloodstream?

8 weeks

At term, fetal urine is being excreted at a rate of up to ____?

500 ml/day

from the notch of the symphysis pubis to over the top of the uterine fundus as a woman lies supine is equal to the week of gestation in centimeters between the 20th and 31st weeks of pregnancy (e.g., in a pregnancy of 24 weeks, the fundal height should be 24 cm)?

Tape measurement

an assessment of fetal well-being and assesses the fetal heart rate for a normal baseline rate?

RHYTHM STRIP TESTING

measures the response of the fetal heart rate to fetal movement?

A nonstress test

non-invasive procedure that uses sound to assess the well-being of a fetus?

Vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS)

It measures the velocity at which red blood cells in the uterine and fetal vessels travel; noninvasive procedure that uses sound waves to examine blood flow in the fetus, uterus, and placenta during pregnancy ?

Doppler ultrasonography

is an ultrasound that measures the amount of fluid behind the fetus's neck in the first trimester of pregnancy?

Nuchal

Placental Grading for Maturity: : between 12 and 24 weeks

Placental Grading for Maturity: 38 weeks (Because fetal lungs are apt to be mature by 38 weeks, a grade 3 placenta suggests the fetus is mature.) Amniotic Fluid Volume?

Placental Grading for Maturity: 36 weeks

Placental Grading for Maturity: 30 to 32 weeks

another way to assess a growing fetus; has the potential to replace or complement ultrasonography as a fetal assessment technique because it can identify structural anomalies or soft tissue disorders ?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

test is used during pregnancy to check the baby's risk of birth defects and genetic disorders, such as neural tube defects or Down syndrome. The test does not diagnose any health conditions?

maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test

a prenatal test that analyzes a sample of amniotic fluid to diagnose genetic disorders, birth defects, and other conditions in an unborn baby?

Amniocentesis