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BMS200 final exam > week 9 > Flashcards

week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

hypertension and SNS

A

reset baroreceptors

ADH (water retention)

vasoconstrict
increase renin and angiotensin 2

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2
Q

hypertensive urgency vs emergency

A

urgency-increase BP and treat urgent

emergency- sign of end organ damage from high BP i.e. vision, headache, polyuria

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3
Q

vasculitis

A

▪ Large arteries
* temporal arteritis,

▪ Small and medium-sized arteries
* Polyarteritis nodosa
* Thromboangiitis obliterans

▪ Small and medium-sized arteries and veins
* Granulomatosis with polyangiitis,

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4
Q

vasculitis

A

inflam and die blood vessel

granulomas

Th1/Th17

type 3 hypersensitivity

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5
Q

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) in vasculitis

A

p_ANCA - nucleus, bind myeloperoxidase

c-ANCA - cytoplasm, bind proteinase 3

end up recruiting leukocytes

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6
Q

raynauds

A

bilateral ischemia to finger and toe from vasospasm

worse in cold or stress

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7
Q

SA node in

A

right atrium, close to the entrance of the superior vena cava

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8
Q

ecg for

A

ECG leads only “notice” changes in membrane potential

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9
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

regular or regularly irregular

p wave followed by QRS

QRS has P before it

constant PR

QRS < 100ms

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10
Q

if PR interval is prolonged then

A

AV node dysfunction

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11
Q

what varies with heart rate and how to adjust

A

QT (ventricle depolarize) so do QT corrected= qt? squareroot R-R

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12
Q

ST problems

A

elevation or depression

should be a flat line

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13
Q

dysrythmias

A

re-entry - normal depolarization wave enters pathological space in the heart

ectopic foci/ abnormal automaticity: make automatic in previously non pacemaker cells

triggered activity- abnormal depolarization of ventricles before original AP completed

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14
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

ectopic foci

no p wave, irregular irregular

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15
Q

atria flutter

A

re entry from fibrosis

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16
Q

AV blocks

A

1st degree: prolong PR

2nd:
I: prolong PR until QRS is dropped
II: consistent PR with sudden QRS drops

3rd: no impulse reaches ventricles from atria; inpendent rates

17
Q

alpha block or alerting response

A

when focus on something switch from alpha to beta

18
Q

alpha=

A

eye closed and mind wanders

19
Q

beta=

A

open eye and wide awake

20
Q

stages of sleep

A

N1 (transition from wake to sleep)- theta, slow eye move

N2- k complex, sleep spindle, no eye move

N3 and 4- delta, deep sleep, no eye move

REM- rapid eye, no MSK movement

21
Q

limb movements in which sleep

A

n1-3

22
Q

why no movement in rem

A

GABA inhibit spine

23
Q

arousala system

A
  1. arousal system in mid brain and pons
  • Locus ceruleus - norepinephrine
  • Raphe nucleus - serotonin
  • Tuberomamillary body-
    histamine
  • Acetylcholine has multiple nuclei in the brainstem that are important in arousal
  • Periaqueductal gray - dopamine
24
Q

ventrolateral pre-optic nucleus (VLPO) in the hypothalamus for

A

sleep

release GABA and galanin

25
Q

stabilizing nuclei in hypothalamus for

A

▪ Orexin – projects to both the arousal systems and to the VLPO
–> inhibit VLPO = awake

▪ Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) – also projects to arousal system
–> in REM sleep inhibit the monaminergic arousal system = sleep

26
Q

rem on vs off neruons

A

rem off stimulate by NE and serotonin and orexin

27
Q

melatonin made in

A

pineal gland

28
Q

melatonin made from what amino acid and enzyme needed

A

tryptophan –> serotonin then via AANAT –> melatonin

29
Q

narcolepsy

A

daytime sleep

lose orexigenic neruson

30
Q

cataplexy

A

muscle weakness without loss of consciousness

31
Q

restless leg

A

iron deficiency

basal ganglia and SN

32
Q

OSA

A

5 or more episodes of obstructive apnea
or hypopnea during one hour of sleep

  • Apnea = cessation of airflow for ≥ 10 seconds during sleep, despite respiratory effort
  • Hypopnea=a≥30%reductioninairflowforatleast10 seconds during sleep that is accompanied oxygen desaturation or waking
33
Q

rem sleep behaviour

A

act out dreams i.e. kick and punch

should have neurons in rem that stop movement

BMS200 final exam (14 decks)

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