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BMS200 final exam > week 14 > Flashcards

week 14 Flashcards

1
Q

ADHD onset and 2 symptms

A

< 12 years old

▪ Diminished sustained attention
▪ Increased impulsivity or hyperactivity

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2
Q

3 presentations of ADHD

A

▪ Predominantly inattentive presentation (6+ symptoms of inattention and a few of hyperactivity/impulsivity)

▪ Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation

▪ Combined presentation

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3
Q

kids vs adult ADHD diagnosis

A

adults only need 5 of the criteria not 6

in adults think they just masked it as kids

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4
Q

substance use disorder is a

A

Chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by
▪ Compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking disorders
▪ Loss of control over drug intake
▪ Negative affect when access to the drug is withheld

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5
Q

3 stages of addiction

A
  1. acute reinforcement and drug use (brain areas for motivation)

–>hijack reward system

  1. escalation of drug use/dependence (change brain areas in executive function and inhibitory control)

–>dorsal stratum forms habits (cues, goals)
–> impaire PFC

3.late stage- withdrawal/ incubation/ relapse (changes to reward network and executive function)

–> VTA (all stages)
–>relapse with PFC and nucleus accumbens
–> limbic (amygdala and hippocampus) = cue related and stress (CRH or cortisol)

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6
Q

key brain areas in substance abuse

A

VTA- dopamine
nucleus accubens- GABA and acetylcholine

amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal straitum, PFC

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7
Q

neuro in ADHD

A

inhibit motor, executive function, dorsal striatum thalamus

inhibit attention

inhibit timing and perception via parietal and cerebllum

reward anticipation- VTA

excessive activity of default mode network

D1 receptors and alpha adenoreceptors via stimulant medication

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8
Q

conjunctiva=

A

mucous over inner eye (palpebral) and anterior aspect of sclera (bulbar conjunctiva)

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9
Q

palpebrae

A

skin on outer, conjunctiva on inner

cilia on lid margin (eyelashes) with sebaceous glands (glands of Zeis and glands of moll)

orbicularis oculi and elevator palpebral muscles

tears via meibomian glands (sebaceous gland)

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10
Q

tear film consists of

A

tears, lipids, mucous

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11
Q

orbital septum

A

separates eyelid from orbit- barrier to infection

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12
Q

lacrimal glands innervation

A

CN VII and SNS

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13
Q

where do lacrimal glands drain

A

to lacrimal sac then inferior meatus

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14
Q

common bacterial and viral causes of conjunctivitis

A

▪ Bacterial
* Staph aureus, s. pneumonia

[[[-, H. influenzae, M.
catarrhalis
- Chlamydial and gonococcal]]]]]

▪ Viral (usually adenovirus)

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15
Q

is viral or bacterial conjunctivitis more common

A

viral

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16
Q

are viral and bacterial conjunctivitis self limiting

A

yes

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17
Q

bacterial vs viral conjunctivitis

A

▪ Bacterial conjunctivitis tends to have more purulent discharge and last for less time than a viral conjunctivitis

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18
Q

gornnorheal and chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

treat urgently bc can scar and ulcer the cornea

trachoma (ulcer, abrasion, scar cornea and conjunctiva) –> blindness (chlamydia)

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19
Q

blepharitis

A

inflamed eyelid

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20
Q

cause of blepharitis (inflamed eyelid)

A

hordeolum (stye)

seborrheic dermatitis

drugs, allergy

sjogren syndrome (autoimmune)

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21
Q

what causes a stye (hordeolum)

A

staph aureus

infects sebaceous or suderiferous gland

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22
Q

chalazion

A

granulomatous inflammation of the eye

via lipid products breakdown of bacteria or block sebaceous glands

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23
Q

keratitis

A

HSV 1 or HSV2 cause corneal damage –> ulceration

after HSV “resolution”, lives latent in trgieminal ganglion and is reactivated (ie. stress, sun, hormones)

HSV3 (herpes) causes dermatitis of CN V1 dermatome (Hutchinson’s sign if tip of nose involved)

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24
Q

lateral inhibition of the retina

A

helps to enhance the contrast between light and dark and able to do fine discrimination of edges and patterns

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25
Q

rod bipolar cells vs cone bipolar cells

A

rod- scotopic (low light) and have on centers

cone- photooptic (bright/colour) and have on centre and off centers

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26
Q

on center

A

activated when light hits the center of their receptive field, and the center is brighter than the surround.

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27
Q

which has on and off center in bipolar cells

A

rod= on

cone= on and off

oppositional regulation: on and off have opposite response to same stimuli to help contrast and edge detect –> visual acuity

one is inhibited while other stimulate

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28
Q

what needs to be regenerated in the dark after activation so cell can respond again

A

rhodopsin (in rods)

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29
Q

how to regenerate rodopsin

A

trans retinal seperates from opsin (GPCR)

opsin is bleached and inactive

trans retina goes back to cis retinal ( in pigment layer)

cis retinal combines with opsin

ready to respond to light again

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30
Q

in dark pupils vs light

A

dilate in dark

constrict in light

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31
Q

rods in the light are

A

bleached / saturated - cant respond to light

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32
Q

bipolar cells are for

A

patterns of light at retina (on and off center)

33
Q

horizontal cells in retina for

A

sharpening contrast

34
Q

amacrine cells in retina for

A

detecting changes in vision (i.e. movement, light on/offf)

35
Q

graded vs action potential in visual processing

A

photoreceptor (graded receptor potential) –> bipolar cell –> ganglion cell (action potential) –> brain

more light intensity = more AP

36
Q

optic nerve is formed by axons of ____,. it also forms the _______—

A

formed by ganglion cell axons

creates optic disc (blindspot)

37
Q

optic tract forms when

A

optic nerve fibers cross over at optic chiasm

38
Q

where does optic tract synapse

and optic radiations synapse in

A

thalamus

visual cortex

39
Q

scotoma

A

area with vision loss in an otherwise normal visual field

40
Q

brain areas involved in vision

A

primary visual cortex (registers shape and colour of stove)
secondary visual cortex (recongize shape and colour of stove)

primary somatosensory cortex (registers finger is hot)
secondary somatosensory cortex (recognize how hot)

Pareto-occipito-temporal association cortex (combine visual and tactile info)

41
Q

amyblyopia

A

lazy eye

42
Q

lesion in primary visual cortex can cause

A

cortical blindness

43
Q

lesions in secondary visual cortex can cause

A

movement agnosia (i.e. movement not noted)

visual agnosia (i.e. cant copy drawings, or identify common objects)

colour agnosia (i.e. grey scale)

44
Q

medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus
superior rectus
inferior oblique
superior oblique
levator palpeerde superioris
ciliary muscle
pupillary sphincter

A

medial rectus: adduct eye (to nose)

lateral rectus: abduct eye (to ears)

inferior rectus: down, extorsion

superior rectus: up, intorsion

inferior oblique: elevate and abduct

superior oblique: down and abduct

levator palpebrae superioris: elevate upper eyelid

ciliary muscle: contract; increase lens convexity (accomodation- near vision)

pupillary sphincter: miosis; pupillary constriction

45
Q

where are the cranial nerves located

A

I - olfactory bulb
II- retina

III and IV- midbrain (3+4)

V- midbrain, pons and medulla

VI, VII, VIII- pons (6-8)

IX, X, XI, XII- medulla (9-12)

46
Q

what is the somatic and visceral motor neurons of ocultomotor CN III

A

somatic motor- oculomotor motor nucleus

visceral motor- dinger westphal nucleus (EDW)

47
Q

Oculomotor motor nucleus in CN III for what eye movements

A

all eye movements/ muscles except

superior oblique (down and abduct)

lateral rectus (abduct)

48
Q

dinger westphal nucleus (EDW) of CN III for what innervations

A

PNS
-pupillary spincter (miosis)
-cillary muscle (accomodation- near visioN)

49
Q

if the oculomotor motor nucleus (somatic) of CN III had external opthalamoplegia (weak eye muscles) what would happen

A

eye would be down and abducted

50
Q

if visceral (EDW) of CN III was damaged what would it cause

A

lose accomodation
pupil dilate (Mydriasis)

51
Q

accomodation reflex via which CN

A

I and III

52
Q

in the accomodation reflex (close object) which muscle and CN III nucleus is used

A

convergence of eyes (adduct) via medial rectus and motor nucleu

increased convexity of lens via ciliary muscle snd EDW

constrict pupils via sphincter pupillae and EDW

53
Q

pupillary reflex (CNI and CNIII) light in one eye causes constriction of both pupils`

A

CNIII EDW nucleus

54
Q

pupillary reflex (CN III EDW) in which area of midbrain

A

pretectal area

the accomodation reflex is not in this area

55
Q

CN IV trochlear nerve innervates which muscle

A

contralateral superior oblique muscle

(eye down and abduct + intorsion)

PS the CN III innervated the inferior oblique muscle for extorsion

56
Q

why is intorsion and intorsion important

A

when move head helps maintain visual stability

57
Q

diplopia (double vision) if

A

CN IV damaged and cant do intorsion… then extoersion dominates

58
Q

muscle and CN

A

CN III all except the following

CN IV - superior oblique (abduct and down)

CN VI- lateral rectus (abduct)

59
Q

which muscle does CN VI innervate

A

lateral rectus (abduction)

60
Q

how are CN III, VI, and VI connected

A

by a tract
▪ = Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)

61
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex via

A

CN III, IV, VI to stabilize gaze during head mvoemnts

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) tract helps

62
Q

if want to look to left which muscles are used

A

Left eye use lateral rectus (VI) (abduct)

right eye use medial rectus (CN III) (adduct)

if damaged can cause diplopia

63
Q

cataracts

A

opacity of the lens

64
Q

type of cataract

A

cortical (spoke like)

nuclear sclerosis (yellow brown)

posterior subscapsular

65
Q

most common cataracts

A

nuclear sclerosis and usually from aging

66
Q

cataracts symptoms

A

vision get worse but can become more myopic (near sighted)

67
Q

uveitis types

A

inflammation of choroid layer

iris (iriditis)

iris + ciliary body (iridocyclitis)

posterior compartment (posterior uveitis)

68
Q

most common type of uveitis

A

anterior uveitis (anterior chamber) (includes Iritis/iridocyclitis/anterior cyclitis)

69
Q

what can cause anterior uveitis

A

IBD, lupus, aids, herpees , idiopathic

70
Q

glaucoma

A

elevated intraocular pressure

optic nerve damage

impaired drainage of aqeuous humour

leading cause of blindness

71
Q

2 types of glaucoma

A
  1. open angle: aqueous humor accesses trabecular meshwork and increases pressure via resistance of outflow of aqueous humour (block trabecular meshwork)
  2. closed angle: iris adheres to trabecular meshwork and physically impedes aquesous drainage (close angle btw iris and cornea)
72
Q

most common glaucoma

A

primary open angle

73
Q

what is secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with

A

diabetes

74
Q

retinal detachment

A

Separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium

full thickness tear (rhegmatogenous)- most common (vitreous humor seeps under retina) (fluid accumulate under retina)

no break (non-rhegmatogenous):

75
Q

retinal vascular disease- diabetes mellitus

A

hyperglycemia effect lens (cataracts, glaucoma from neovascuarization) and rentina too

2 types
▪ Background (preproliferative) diabetic retinopathy
▪ Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

76
Q

▪ Background (preproliferative) diabetic retinopathy
▪ Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

▪ Background (preproliferative) diabetic retinopathy
–> microvascular changes but no neovascularization

▪ Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
–> from neovascualrization

77
Q

cotton wool spots

A

buildup of axoplasmic debris in retinal nerve fiber layer

form cystoid bodies (mitochondria accumulate in damaged axons)

78
Q

macular degeneration

A

macula for central vision and fine details

early stages: drusen (lesions beneath retina)

79
Q

macular degeneration types

A

atrophic (dry) or exudative (wet)

dry- slow (infalm, drusen)

wet-rapid, develop neovascular membrane with disordered blood vessels, can leak

BMS200 final exam (14 decks)

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