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BMS200 final exam > week 13 > Flashcards

week 13 Flashcards

1
Q

parison and Lewy body dementia have

A

Alpha synuclein + lewy bodies

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2
Q

alzheimers compoennts

A

b amyloid plaque and tau tangle

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3
Q

frontotemporal dementia contains

A

tau tangles

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4
Q

what causes dementia pathophysoiology

A

[arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease] vascular occlusion (arteriosclerosis) and multiple infarcts/ strokes

[severe cerebral trauma lesions] diffuse axonal injury/ shearing or chronic hydrocephalus (increase pressure)

inflammation (i.e. HIV, herpes)

prion disease

leukodystrophy

disrupt proteostasis (protein not folded, and aggregate and dont degrade etc)

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5
Q

Alzheimer disease has 2 proteins

A

b amyloid plaques (extracellular)

neurofibrillary tau tangles (intracellular)

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6
Q

most common dementia

A

alzheimers

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7
Q

brain changes in alzheimers

A

cortical atrophy,

gyro narrow, sulci widen and ventricular enlargement and reduction in brain weight

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8
Q

plaques in alzheimers

A

sensile plaques (of beta amyloid)

plaques are encircled by reactive astrocytes and microglia

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9
Q

neurofibrillary tau tangles in AD

A

hyperphosphorylates tau

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10
Q

dementia: beta amyloid peptide are derived from? this protein gets hydrolyzed at 3 sites and 2 are toxic?

A

amyloid precursor protein (APP)

alpha secretase= non toxic

beta and gamma secretase= toxic

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11
Q

pathology of alzhimers

A

toxic polypeptides aggregate extracellularly, adhere to AMPA receptors and cause Ca2+ influx

causing intracellular tangles

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12
Q

alzheimers clinical feithers

A

cognitive, memory, languages, behaviour

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13
Q

3 stages of alzheimers

A
  1. pre symptomatic (accumulate b amyloid)
  2. MCI
  3. AD
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14
Q

frontotemporal dementia is accumulation of

A

tau

(NO B amyloid)

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15
Q

how does frontotemporal dementia differ from AD

A

Alzheimer’s Disease, which usually starts with memory difficulties, FTLD initiates with disruptive and inappropriate behavior

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16
Q

2 subtypes of frontotemporal dementia (3 types total)

A

behavioral variant (bvFTD)

and

primary progressive aphasia (PPA) [semantic and nonflucent/ agrammatic]

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17
Q

frontotemporal dementia findings

A

astrogliosis and neuron loss in frontotemporal

picks bodies= inclusions of tau

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18
Q

variants of frontotemporal dementia

A
  1. behavioural variant: personality, depression, compulsive
  2. primary progressive aphasia semantic variant: cant comprehend
  3. primary progressive aphasia nonfluent/ agrammatic varient: impaired motor speech
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19
Q

2 types of lewy body dementia

A

parkinson

and Lewy body

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20
Q

lewy body dementia contains

A

Lewy body inclusion (alpha synuclein aggregates)

absence of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques

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21
Q

3 stages of Lewy body dementia

A
  1. brainstem predominant
  2. transitional limbic
  3. diffuse neocortical
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22
Q

how does Parkinson symptoms usually begin

A

non motor i.e. constipation and hyposmia

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23
Q

what neurotransmitter deficit in Lewy body disease causing inattention, character fluctuations and visual hallucinations

A

acetylcholine

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24
Q

what is well preserved in Lewy body dementias

A

episodic memory

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25
Q

lewy body dementia early symptoms

A

hallucinate, cognition, REM sleep disorder, anosmia (lose smell)

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26
Q

vascular dementia from

A

1+ asymptomatic strokes

  1. large cerebral strokes (ischemic of hemorrhagic, symptomatic)
  2. cerebral small vessel disease (lacks symptoms, arteriosclerosis and cerebral amyloid antipathy- bet amyloid)
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27
Q

dementia and sensorineural hearing loss

A

increase cognitive load, change brain structure, social disengage

degenerate stria vascularis, lose hair cells

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28
Q

traumatic brain injury and dementia

A

ok

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29
Q

gut microbiome and dementia

A

gut microbiota in AD pathogenesis is realized through diverse pathways, including abnormalities in Aβ, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and oxidative stress

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30
Q

Which of the following neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain?
A) Vascular dementia
B) Lewy body dementia
C) Frontotemporal dementia
D) Alzheimer’s disease

A

D) Alzheimer’s disease

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31
Q

Which type of dementia is associated with motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia?
A) Alzheimer’s disease
B) Vascular dementia
C) Lewy body dementia
D) Parkinson’s dementia

A

D) Parkinson’s dementia

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32
Q

Which type of dementia is associated with a gradual decline in cognitive function due to multiple small strokes or impaired blood flow to the brain?
A) Alzheimer’s disease
B) Vascular dementia
C) Lewy body dementia
D) Frontotemporal dementia E) Parkinson’s dementia

A

B) Vascular dementia

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33
Q

what is opening between nasal cavity and nasophayrnx (for airflow)

A

choanae

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34
Q

upper and lower boundary of nose

A

upper- cribriform plate and ethmoid bone

lower- hard palate

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35
Q

nasal conchae AKA turbinates

A

superior, middle and inferior bony projections on lateral walls

vascularize mucosa for inhaling air (humidify, filter, olfactory, SA)

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36
Q

meatus in nose

A

superior - below superior concha; drain posterior ethmoidal air cells, aifrlow and odor detection

middle

inferior (beneath inferior conchae) = contains nasolacrimal duct, drain tear from lacrimal sac to nasal cavity = cry and nose runs

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37
Q

sensory innervation of nsoe

A

olfactory nerve (CN I) - for smell

ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) division of trigeminal nerve (CN V) - sensory fibers

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38
Q

tongue muscles

A

*Genioglossus Muscle: functions to extend and lower the tongue.

*Hyoglossus Muscle: functions to lower and pull back the rear part of the tongue.

*Styloglossus Muscle: functions to lift and retract the tongue.

*Palatoglossus Muscle: acts on the tongue but is categorized as a muscle associated with the palate

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39
Q

sensory innervation of oral cavity

A

general sensation:

mandibular branch (V3) of trigeminal nerve (CN V) for anterior 2/3

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) for posterior 1/3

taste sensation:

facial nerve (VII): anterior 2/3 of tongue

glossopharyngeal (IX) for posterior 1/3

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40
Q

boundaries of oral cavity

A
  • The upper boundary of the mouth is formed by the palate, while the mylohyoid muscle defines its lower limit. The cheeks are framed by the buccinator muscles on either side, and the posterior boundary is marked by the palatoglossal arches.
41
Q

motor innervation of oral cavity

A

vagus nerve (X) for all muscles of palate (except tensor deli palatine is via V3 mandibular branch of CN V)

hypoglossal nerve (XII) for all muscle of tongue
(except palatoglossus muscle via vagus nerve)

mylohyoid muscle via V3 of CN V

facial nerve VII for posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscle

42
Q

light focusing of the eye

A

change shape of lens (refraction)

change size of pupil

eye movement - extra ocular

43
Q

transparency of the eye

A

cornea and lens and aqueous and vitreous humour

44
Q

transduction (action potential) of eye

A

retina takes photons and turns into electrical signals to send to brain

45
Q

3 layers/ tunics of the eye

A

fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea)
–> protect eye, EOM, refraction

vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, iris)
–> nutrients, absorb stray light, pupil consist, lens shape

neurosensory layer (retina)
–> signal transduction (AP), process visual info, absorb stray light

46
Q

sclera vs cornea (both in fibrous tunic)

A

sclera- opaque, vascularized, EOMs insert,

cornea- transparent, avascular , 5 layers (i.e. bowman membrane and descement membrane)

47
Q

choroid (in vascular tunic)

A

vascularized, lots of melanocytes, Bruch’s membrane

48
Q

ciliary body (in vascular tunic)

A

ciliary muscles:

ciliary processes: vascular, melanin

ciliary zonule: suspensory ligament

49
Q

ciliary muscles and zonular ligaments for what function

A

accomodation

50
Q

accomodation what happens to muscles and ligaments

A

muscles contract when object is near and ligaments relax

lens more convex

51
Q

where is aqeusou humor

A

Aqueous humour circulates from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber of the anterior compartment

52
Q

if drainage of aqueous humor impaired what happens

A

increase intra ocular pressure

push back and damage retina behind it

53
Q

steps in production of aqeusou humor

A
  1. secreted by ciliary processes in posterior chamber
  2. travel to pupil then anterior chamber (all of anterior compartment)

3.excess aqueous humor is resorbed via scleral venous sinus

54
Q

what secretes and what absorbs aqueous humor

A

secreted by ciliary process

absorbed by scleral venous sinus

55
Q

what is the filter that overlies the scleral venous sinus which drains aqeiosus humor

A

trabecular meshwork

56
Q

what can block sceral venous sinus and drainage of aqeusous humor

A
  • The iris can “flop over” the scleral venous sinus and block it
  • The angle between the the iris and the lens can also become blocked

these cause glaucoma

57
Q

iris (part of vascular layer)

2 muscles

A

covers part of the lens, doesnt cover the pupil

dilator pupillae muscle- SNS

sphincter pupillae muscle- PNS

58
Q

location of vitreous humor vs aqueous humor

A

vitreous- posterior cavity

aqeusou- anterior cavity

59
Q

what is vitreous body/ humor made of

A

99% water, collagen fibrils and hyaluronate also present

60
Q

when embryo makes the retina

A

out pouching of diencephalon

61
Q

what attaches to the inner limiting membrane of retina surface

and what is outer layer of retina

A

vitreous humor

choroid

62
Q

rods and cones

A

transducer light info via NT

63
Q

Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, axons of ganglion cells

A

“line of communication” from rods and cones to the optic nerve

64
Q

what are the interneurons in the retina

A

Horizontal cells, amacrine cells

65
Q

what membrane is pigment epithelium of the retina on

A

Bruch’s membrane

66
Q

where in the retina are cones and rods most concentrated

A

▪ Most cones are concentrated in the fovea
▪ The rest of the retina mostly contains rods

67
Q

blind spot (optic disc)

A

no photoreceptors over optic nerve

68
Q

lens abnormalities

A

▪ Loss of elasticity with age= presbyopia

▪ Opacities = cataracts

69
Q

where are the viable cells in the lens

A

periphery

the center has mature lens fibers which loss nuclei and full of crystallins

70
Q

accomodation and the lens for near vs far

A

(a) The lens flattens for distant vision when the ciliary muscles are relaxed, and the shape of the ciliary body holds the ciliary zonule taut

far= ligaments taught and muscle relax

(b) To see closer objects the ciliary muscle fibers contract, changing the shape of the ciliary body, relaxing tension on the ciliary zonule, and allowing the lens to assume the more rounded shape

near= ligaments relaxed and muscle contract

71
Q

Light passes through cornea and enters the eye through the _______. The size of this structure is mediated by the _________.
* Light is bent as it passes through the various structures of the eye, but it is the ______ that can change its shape to focus the beams on the ________.
* Bending of light is called “refraction”

A

Light passes through cornea and enters the eye through the pupil. The size of this structure is mediated by the iris.

  • Light is bent as it passes through the various structures of the eye, but it is the lens that can change its shape to focus the beams on the retina.
  • Bending of light is called “refraction”
72
Q

refraction is

via which eye part

A

the bending of light (so see 1 image)

lens

73
Q

how does image of object in visual field change to get projected onto retina

A

upside down and inverted on retina then brain flips it correct way

i.e. top is bottom, left is right

74
Q

what changes shape to refract light

A

lens

convex= more rounded when objected are closer

need more refraction when closer

75
Q

accomodation

A

rounding of lens to focus on nearby object

76
Q

3 parts to accomodation

A
  1. increase convexity of lens

2.convergence of eyes via muscles (i.e. medial rectus muscle)

  1. constrict pupils (miosis)
77
Q

what is need to increase convexity/ round the lens

A

PNS
oculomotor nerve
ciliary muscles contract and suspensory ligaments (ciliary zonule) relax

78
Q

distant vision vs near vision

A

muscle relaxed, ligaments tight, lens flat

Near vision: muscle contracted, ligaments loose, lens rounded up

79
Q

miosis

A

constrict pupils in bright light and accomodation (close)

under PNS

80
Q

mydriasis

A

dilate pupils in dim light and fight/flight

SNS

81
Q

myopia

A

near sighted
eyeball too long
beams converge before retina

82
Q

hyperopia

A

far sighted
eyeball too short
beams converge after retina

83
Q

20/20 vision

A

first # is furthest patient can do

send # is person with normal vision

20/18= better
20/30= worse

84
Q

convex vs concave glass lens

A

convex cause beam to converge so for hyperopia

concave cause beams to diverge so for myopia

85
Q

depth perception

A

-moving parallax (i.e. observe changes viewpoint)
-access to previous knowledge
-stereopsis (eyes are offset and have slightly different overlapping view causing retinal disparity then brain puts back together)

86
Q

stenosis (both eyes have slightly different view) needs

A

Stereopsis requires both eyes to fix on same point
▪ Fixed focus point projects to fovea of both eyes (no disparity)
▪ Closer object projects to different places on each retina (retinal disparity)

uses the retinal disparity of two objects to contribute to depth perception

87
Q

in the pigment layer of the retina what is in it

A

melanin

vitamin A for helping rods and cones with photoreception

88
Q

outer segment of cones and rods contain

A

photopigments and vitamin A

89
Q

synaptic terminal of rods and cones release

A

glutamate

90
Q

rods vs cones

A

cones are low convergence (good acuity), highly concentrated in fovea and have colour photopigments

rods are highly convergent circuits (poor acuity), not in the fovea, high photopigment for night vision, no colour

91
Q

what does the fovea only contain

A

cones

rods in periphery

92
Q

colour via

A

short wavelengths- blue
medium- green
long- red

93
Q

anopia and anomaly

A

anomia- missing a type of cone (dichromy)

anomaly- defective type of cone (trichromy)

Protanopia and protanomaly: red cone issue
Red-green colour blindness

Deuteranopia and deuteranomaly: green cone issue
Red-green colour blindness

Tritanopia and tritanomaly: blue cone issue
Blue-yellow colour blindness

94
Q

red green colour blindness

A

x linked recessive more in males

95
Q

chromophore component = retinal/ vitamin A in rods and cones to

A

pigment

Captures light and induces a conformational change in the opsin component

96
Q

opsonin component in rods and cones is

A

a GPCR and used for signal transduction

97
Q

rhodopsin vs iodopsin

A

rhodospsin- rod photopigment for light

iodopsin- cone photopigment for colour wavelengths (red, blue, green)

98
Q

when rods response to light what happens

A

rhodopsin captures light and is activated (meta-rhodopsin)

convert cis to trans retinal

meta-rhodopsin activated GPCR transducin

close Na+ channels and hyper polarize and depolarize the on center

decrease glutamate

**in the dark rod depolarize, increase glutamate and then hyper polarize and inhibit on centers **

99
Q
A

BMS200 final exam (14 decks)

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