- unsure of LMP - irregular LMP - no previous dating

Week 9 Flashcards by Ethan Wong

what does imaging in 2nd trimester

ABC PGLL
- biometry
- anatomy
- cardiac activity
- placenta localization
- liquor volume
- growth in multiple gestations
- late bookers

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BPD

biparietal diameter

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head circumference

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BPD measurement starts from __

outer to inner OR outer to outer

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HC measurement is __

perimeter around outer skull border

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what is HC used for

unsure of LMP
irregular LMP
no previous dating

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abdominal circumference

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femur length

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how to calculate estimated fetal weight

HC + AC + FL

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what is assessed in transventricular plane

Intact cranium
Cavum septum pellucidum
Falx cerebri
Lateral ventricles
Choroid plexus

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what is assessed in transthalamic plane

Intact cranium
Cavum septum pellucidum
Falx cerebri
Thalamus
Cerebral ventricles

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what is assessed in transcerebral plane

Intact cranium
Cavum septum pellucidum
Falx cerebri
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Cisterna magna
Nuchal fold

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what is assessed for US face appearance

orbits, nasal bones, nose, lips
- done to exclude cleft lip

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what is assessed for US spine appearance

vertebrae & intact skin line

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what is assessed for US thorax/abdomen appearance

normal situs of fetal organs & diaphragm integrity

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what is assessed for US heart appearance

4 chambers
Tricuspid & mitral valve
Crux (plus symbol)
IV septum
Moderator band
Foramen ovale
Pulmonary veins
LVOT
RVOT

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if the blood flow appears red, what does it mean?

blood flow moving towards probe

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RVOT appearance

bifurcation into LPA and RPA; tripod shape

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3 vessel view includes

pulmonary artery + aorta + SVC

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3 vessel trachea view includes

V-shape: pulmonary artery + aortic arch + SVC

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what is assessed for US abdomen appearance

Stomach bubble
Umbilical vein
Spine
Kidneys
Urinary bladder
Cord insertion
Umbilical cord

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umbilical cord assessment consists of __

2 arteries + 1 vein
fetal + placental insertion site

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if kidneys cannot be identified visually, how else to identify them

use color coppler to see renal artery flow

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where does umbilical cord connect to inside mother

ductus venous

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how does the placenta appear in US

homogenous and highly vascular structure connected to it

down syndrome soft markers

MESSENC - Choroid plexus cyst - Short long bones - Nuchal fold thickening - Echogenic focus - Echogenic bowel - Mild pyelectasis - Single umbilical artery

anencephaly is a progression of __

arcania

if multiple cysts are seen in choroid plexus, this indicates __

trisomy 18

to determine ventriculomegaly, how big should the ventricles be __

> 10mm with dangling shapes

what is the normal US appearance of nasal bone

hyperechoic line with sharp tilt - else it is down syndrome or deformed nose

what indicate spina bifida

head: banana + lemon sign spine: hole & lump seen

why is it normal to see a gap between left and right atrium

foramen ovale

what causes blue babies at birth

great arteries transposed

signs of pleural effusion

batman shape + anechoic fluid lining lungs

signs of pericardial effusion

anechoic fluid lining heart

causes of echogenic bowels

chromosomal damage or mother had internal bleeding in 1st trimester which baby swallows and remains inside

how to confirm echogenic bowel

turn gain down to see if echogenic bowel is as bright as bone

omphalocele US appearance

bulge protruding out of abdomen

when is omphalocele considered abnormal

Until week 12 as the gut growth is faster than stomach growth. Only from week 13 - 14 is considered problematic

what is omphalocele called

umbilical ring defect where abdominal contents protrude into peritoneal sac

what is gastroschisis

abdominal contents slip outside without sac and spill into amniotic fluid

what is renal agenesis

kidney develops on 1 side only

how to confirm renal agenesis

Color doppler shows vessels to one side and not other

what happens if there is bilateral agenesis of kidneys

no urinary bladder and urine deposited into amniotic fluid

how to confirm talipes

If sole has tib/fib, means potentially clubfoot

arthrogryposis

contracted arms and legs

skeletal dysplasia

disproportionate bones

single umbilical artery

restricts growth due to 1 less artery

what is the most dangerous part of pre-eclampsia

fetal growth restriction

oligohydramnios

reduced amniotic fluid

fetal positions

breech, cephalic, transverse, oblique

placenta site

complete, partial, marginal, low lying

how is liquor volume assessed

- Subjective assessment = eyeballing - Single deepest vertical pocket - Sum of deepest vertical pockets from each of 4 uterine quadrants / amniotic fluid index

anhydramnios

no amniotic fluid

cord round neck

high vascularity around baby

Organogenesis completes within __

10 weeks

brain continues changing even till __

28 weeks

soft markers of undefined association & requires further testing are __

Clenched fists Rocker bottom feet Sandal gap Strawberry skull

lateral ventricles should be normally __

< 10mm

when can one make a positive diagnosis of hydronephrosis

if > 7mm