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DRG3007 Sono > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what does imaging in 2nd trimester

A

ABC PGLL
- biometry
- anatomy
- cardiac activity
- placenta localization
- liquor volume
- growth in multiple gestations
- late bookers

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2
Q

BPD

A

biparietal diameter

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3
Q

HC

A

head circumference

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4
Q

BPD measurement starts from __

A

outer to inner OR outer to outer

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5
Q

HC measurement is __

A

perimeter around outer skull border

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6
Q

what is HC used for

A
  • unsure of LMP
  • irregular LMP
  • no previous dating
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7
Q

AC

A

abdominal circumference

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8
Q

FL

A

femur length

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9
Q

how to calculate estimated fetal weight

A

HC + AC + FL

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10
Q

what is assessed in transventricular plane

A
  • Intact cranium
  • Cavum septum pellucidum
  • Falx cerebri
  • Lateral ventricles
  • Choroid plexus
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11
Q

what is assessed in transthalamic plane

A
  • Intact cranium
  • Cavum septum pellucidum
  • Falx cerebri
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebral ventricles
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12
Q

what is assessed in transcerebral plane

A
  • Intact cranium
  • Cavum septum pellucidum
  • Falx cerebri
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebellum
  • Cisterna magna
  • Nuchal fold
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13
Q

what is assessed for US face appearance

A

orbits, nasal bones, nose, lips
- done to exclude cleft lip

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14
Q

what is assessed for US spine appearance

A

vertebrae & intact skin line

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15
Q

what is assessed for US thorax/abdomen appearance

A

normal situs of fetal organs & diaphragm integrity

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16
Q

what is assessed for US heart appearance

A
  • 4 chambers
  • Tricuspid & mitral valve
  • Crux (plus symbol)
  • IV septum
  • Moderator band
  • Foramen ovale
  • Pulmonary veins
  • LVOT
  • RVOT
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17
Q

if the blood flow appears red, what does it mean?

A

blood flow moving towards probe

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18
Q

RVOT appearance

A

bifurcation into LPA and RPA; tripod shape

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19
Q

3 vessel view includes

A

pulmonary artery + aorta + SVC

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20
Q

3 vessel trachea view includes

A

V-shape: pulmonary artery + aortic arch + SVC

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21
Q

what is assessed for US abdomen appearance

A
  • Stomach bubble
  • Umbilical vein
  • Spine
  • Kidneys
  • Urinary bladder
  • Cord insertion
  • Umbilical cord
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22
Q

umbilical cord assessment consists of __

A
  • 2 arteries + 1 vein
  • fetal + placental insertion site
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23
Q

if kidneys cannot be identified visually, how else to identify them

A

use color coppler to see renal artery flow

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24
Q

where does umbilical cord connect to inside mother

A

ductus venous

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25
Q

how does the placenta appear in US

A

homogenous and highly vascular structure connected to it

26
Q

down syndrome soft markers

A

MESSENC
- Choroid plexus cyst
- Short long bones
- Nuchal fold thickening
- Echogenic focus
- Echogenic bowel
- Mild pyelectasis
- Single umbilical artery

27
Q

anencephaly is a progression of __

A

arcania

28
Q

if multiple cysts are seen in choroid plexus, this indicates __

A

trisomy 18

29
Q

to determine ventriculomegaly, how big should the ventricles be __

A

> 10mm with dangling shapes

30
Q

what is the normal US appearance of nasal bone

A

hyperechoic line with sharp tilt
- else it is down syndrome or deformed nose

31
Q

what indicate spina bifida

A

head: banana + lemon sign
spine: hole & lump seen

32
Q

why is it normal to see a gap between left and right atrium

A

foramen ovale

33
Q

what causes blue babies at birth

A

great arteries transposed

34
Q

signs of pleural effusion

A

batman shape + anechoic fluid lining lungs

35
Q

signs of pericardial effusion

A

anechoic fluid lining heart

36
Q

causes of echogenic bowels

A

chromosomal damage or mother had internal bleeding in 1st trimester which baby swallows and remains inside

37
Q

how to confirm echogenic bowel

A

turn gain down to see if echogenic bowel is as bright as bone

38
Q

omphalocele US appearance

A

bulge protruding out of abdomen

39
Q

when is omphalocele considered abnormal

A

Until week 12 as the gut growth is faster than stomach growth. Only from week 13 - 14 is considered problematic

40
Q

what is omphalocele called

A

umbilical ring defect where abdominal contents protrude into peritoneal sac

41
Q

what is gastroschisis

A

abdominal contents slip outside without sac and spill into amniotic fluid

42
Q

what is renal agenesis

A

kidney develops on 1 side only

43
Q

how to confirm renal agenesis

A

Color doppler shows vessels to one side and not other

44
Q

what happens if there is bilateral agenesis of kidneys

A

no urinary bladder and urine deposited into amniotic fluid

45
Q

how to confirm talipes

A

If sole has tib/fib, means potentially clubfoot

46
Q

arthrogryposis

A

contracted arms and legs

47
Q

skeletal dysplasia

A

disproportionate bones

48
Q

single umbilical artery

A

restricts growth due to 1 less artery

49
Q

what is the most dangerous part of pre-eclampsia

A

fetal growth restriction

50
Q

oligohydramnios

A

reduced amniotic fluid

51
Q

fetal positions

A

breech, cephalic, transverse, oblique

52
Q

placenta site

A

complete, partial, marginal, low lying

53
Q

how is liquor volume assessed

A
  • Subjective assessment = eyeballing
  • Single deepest vertical pocket
  • Sum of deepest vertical pockets from each of 4 uterine quadrants / amniotic fluid index
54
Q

anhydramnios

A

no amniotic fluid

55
Q

cord round neck

A

high vascularity around baby

56
Q

Organogenesis completes within __

A

10 weeks

57
Q

brain continues changing even till __

A

28 weeks

58
Q

soft markers of undefined association & requires further testing are __

A

Clenched fists

Rocker bottom feet

Sandal gap

Strawberry skull

59
Q

lateral ventricles should be normally __

A

< 10mm

60
Q

when can one make a positive diagnosis of hydronephrosis

A

if > 7mm

DRG3007 Sono (11 decks)

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