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DRG3007 Sono > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is obstetrics

A

study on pregnancy, childbirth & post-partum

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2
Q

LMP

A

last menstrual period

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3
Q

EDD

A

estimated due date

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4
Q

gravidity / gravida

A

number of times woman has been pregnant

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5
Q

parity

A

number of births after 20 weeks of gestation

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6
Q

1st trimester begins & ends at

A

6 weeks - 14 weeks of GA

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7
Q

Scans used during GA weeks 6 - 10

A

Dating scans

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8
Q

Scans used during GA weeks 11 - 14

A

1st Trimester screening (NT measurement) + chorionic villus sampling

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9
Q

Scans used during GA weeks 16 - 18

A

amniocentesis

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10
Q

Scans used during GA weeks 19 - 22

A

fetal anomalies / detailed scans + amniocentesis

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11
Q

Scans used during GA weeks 28 onwards

A

growth scan using doppler studies

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12
Q

2nd trimester begins & ends at

A

GA weeks 16 - 22

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13
Q

3rd trimester begins a

A

GA week 28 onwards

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14
Q

EDD formula

A

Naegele’s formula:

LMP date + 7 days - 3 months + 1 year

ex: 12/11/2019 > 19/08/2020

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15
Q

fundal height determined by

A

abdominal palpitations

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16
Q

US measurements are most accurate during __

A

1st trimester (GA weeks 8-10)

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17
Q

probe used for 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester

A

1st = TV and/or TA
2nd = TA
3rd = TA

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18
Q

what is the fetus floating in __

A

amniotic fluid

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19
Q

what determines pregnancy & fetal age

A

beta-hCG

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20
Q

beta-hCG rises in __ & peaks around __

A

1st trimester; 12 weeks post conception

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21
Q

low levels of beta-hCG means __

A

ectopic pregnancy

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22
Q

low levels of beta-hCG means __

A

molar pregnancy where abnormal tissue grows instead of embryo

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23
Q

beta-hCG is a key marker for __

A

8 - 10 weeks

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24
Q

displays for 1st & 2nd trimester

A

1st tri:
B-mode
M-mode
Color doppler

2nd:
B-mode
Color-mode
Pulsed doppler

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25
Q

displays for 3rd trimester

A

B-mode
M-mode
Color doppler
Pulsed doppler
3/4D

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26
Q

TA probe

A

curvilinear probe with large footprint = 1 – 5 MHz

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27
Q

TV probe

A

endovaginal probe = 7/5 MHz

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28
Q

Obstetrics patient prep

A

TV = empty bladder
TA
- 1st tri = full bladder
- 2nd & 3rd tri = minimal bladder

fasting not needed

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29
Q

1st trimester is __ weeks

A

4 - 14

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30
Q

2nd trimester is __ weeks

A

14 - 28

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31
Q

3rd trimester is __ weeks

A

> 28

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32
Q

US intensities from highest to lowest

A

Spectral / Pulsed > Color > M-mode > B-mode

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33
Q

Thermal index ___ should not be used for obstetrics scanning

A

> 3.0

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34
Q

what mode should not be used in 1st trimester unless clinically indicated

A

pulsed doppler

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35
Q

What display controls should be adjusted to optimize image quality while reducing US exposure

A

depth, focus, sector width, colour box, size

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36
Q

which week can fetal cardiac activity be heard

A

7

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37
Q

CRL

A

crown rump length; measured from head to buttocks for human length & estimate GA

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38
Q

“-chorionic” refers to __

A

placenta

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39
Q

“-amniotic” = refers to __

A

amniotic fluid

40
Q

what does morula cause __

A

Dichorionic, Diamniotic

41
Q

what does blastocyst cause __

A

Monochorionic, Diamniotic

42
Q

what does implanted blastocyst cause __

A

Monochorionic, Monoamniotic

43
Q

what does formed embryonic disc cause __

A

conjoined twins

44
Q

what ectopic pregnancy is the most common

A

isthmic / tubal

45
Q

anembryonic gestation AKA __

A

blighted ovum

46
Q

what happens during anembryonic gestation

A

o Early miscarriage when fertilized egg doesn’t develop into embryo but gestational sac develops
o No embryo seen in gestational sac with mean sac diameter > 25mm

47
Q

what appearance does complete hydatidiform mole have

A

swiss cheese

48
Q

complete hydatidiform mole increases the risk of __

A

choriocarcinoma

49
Q

how does complete hydatidiform mole occur

A

when empty ovum combines with diploid sperm

50
Q

how does incomplete hydatidiform mole occur

A

when haploid ovum combines with 2 sperm

51
Q

what is checked for during week 11 - 14

A

C NANT

  • trisomy 21/18/13
  • CRL measurements for dating
  • Nuchal translucency
  • Fetal nasal bone
  • fetal anatomy
52
Q

how should the fetus be positioned for CRL measurement for dating

A
  • supine; neither hyperflexed nor hyperextended
  • long axis of fetus perpendicular to US beam
53
Q

absence of fetal nasal bone indicates

A

down syndrome

54
Q

nuchal translucency < 3.5mm indicates

A

higher risk of down syndrome & cardiac defects

55
Q

arcania

A
  • Absent cranial vault & cerebral hemispheres
  • Flowering parts seen are floating brain tissues
56
Q

characteristics of cystic hygroma

A

lots of septum and extremely thickened NT

57
Q

NT

A

nuchal translucency

58
Q

omphalocele

A

abdominal contents protrude into peritoneal sac due to umbilical ring defect

59
Q

Gastroschisis

A

No membrane and intestines freely floating

60
Q

what hormones peak at day 14 of mensus

A

FH & LSH

61
Q

what hormone peaks during luteal phase

A

progesterone

62
Q

what hormone peaks near end of follicular phase

A

estradiol

63
Q

what is the pattern of estrogen & progesterone during pregnancy

A

starts rising from week 16 & peaks at week 36

64
Q

what are the different methods to calculate EDD

A
  • naegele’s formula
  • abdominal palpitation
  • beta hCG levels
  • US
65
Q

when can gestational sac be seen in TA & TV

A

TA = 6 weeks
TV = 5 weeks

66
Q

when can yolk sac be seen in TA & TV

A

TA = 6.5 weeks
TV = 5.5 weeks

67
Q

when can fetal pole be seen in TA & TV

A

TA = 7 weeks
TV = 6 weeks

68
Q

when can fetal cardiac activity be seen in TA & TV

A

TA = 7-8 weeks (when fetal pole > 10mm)

TV = 6 weeks (when fetal pole > 5mm)

69
Q

when is amnion formed

A

week 7

70
Q

what is seen in amnion

A

Embryo in amniotic cavity

Yolk sac in chorionic cavity

71
Q

what does double desidual sac sign indicate

A

positive intra-uterine pregnancy

72
Q

what is the normal size of desidual sac sign

A

< 5mm

73
Q

when is the earliest that desidual sac sign can be seen

A

week 5

74
Q

decidua is __ of 1st trimester

A

endometrium

75
Q

what does T-sign in the uterus indicate

A

monochorionic & diamniotic

76
Q

what does lambda-sign in the uterus indicate

A

dichorionic & diamniotic

77
Q

what are the definitive diagnostic criteria for IUP failure

A

CRL > 7mm without cardiac activity

No visible embryo seen within mean sac diameter of > 25 mm

Absence of embryo with heart beat > 14 days after scan that shows GS without yolk sac

Absence of embryo with heart beat > 11 days after scan that shows GS with yolk sac

78
Q

what are heterotropic pregnancies

A

2 pregnancies at same time

79
Q

heterotropic pregnancies AKA __

A

Concomitant / Concurrent / Multiple sited / Coincident

80
Q

what are the tubal sites in uterus

A

ampullary, isthmic, infundibular

81
Q

what is an interstitial site in uterus

A

cornual

82
Q

what is a caesarean site in uterus

A

intramural

83
Q

what are the different spontaneous abortion types

A

Missed / Complete /
Incomplete/
Inevitable / Threatened

84
Q

what is down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

85
Q

what is edward’s syndrome

A

trisomy 18

86
Q

what is patowski’s syndrome

A

trisomy 13

87
Q

how to confirm blood flow of umbilical arteries

A

Using color doppler, the 2 arteries seen are the umbilical arteries; bladder seen in-between

88
Q

what does EDD assume

A

Assumes patient not on contraceptives & breastfeeding

89
Q

where does fundal height start & end

A

from Symphysis Pubis to top most part of uterus

90
Q

yolk sac & embryo must be seen when gestational sac diameter is

A

> 25mm

91
Q

double desidual sac sign visible in week _

A

5

92
Q

Earliest possible detection of GS is _ weeks (TV) & _ weeks (TA)

A

5; 6

93
Q

what mode is used to screen cardiac activity

A

M-mode

94
Q

BPD is used to determine __

A

gestational age & fetal growth

95
Q

BPD is best seen between week __

A

12 - 24

96
Q

LVOT & RVOT are used to assess __

A

aorta & pulmonary artery respectively

97
Q

what should mothers do to minimize spina bifida

A

consume folic acid products to minimize CNS issues

DRG3007 Sono (11 decks)

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