Week 8 Flashcards
1
Q
what is obstetrics
A
study on pregnancy, childbirth & post-partum
2
Q
LMP
A
last menstrual period
3
Q
EDD
A
estimated due date
4
Q
gravidity / gravida
A
number of times woman has been pregnant
5
Q
parity
A
number of births after 20 weeks of gestation
6
Q
1st trimester begins & ends at
A
6 weeks - 14 weeks of GA
7
Q
Scans used during GA weeks 6 - 10
A
Dating scans
8
Q
Scans used during GA weeks 11 - 14
A
1st Trimester screening (NT measurement) + chorionic villus sampling
9
Q
Scans used during GA weeks 16 - 18
A
amniocentesis
10
Q
Scans used during GA weeks 19 - 22
A
fetal anomalies / detailed scans + amniocentesis
11
Q
Scans used during GA weeks 28 onwards
A
growth scan using doppler studies
12
Q
2nd trimester begins & ends at
A
GA weeks 16 - 22
13
Q
3rd trimester begins a
A
GA week 28 onwards
14
Q
EDD formula
A
Naegele’s formula:
LMP date + 7 days - 3 months + 1 year
ex: 12/11/2019 > 19/08/2020
15
Q
fundal height determined by
A
abdominal palpitations
16
Q
US measurements are most accurate during __
A
1st trimester (GA weeks 8-10)
17
Q
probe used for 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester
A
1st = TV and/or TA
2nd = TA
3rd = TA
18
Q
what is the fetus floating in __
A
amniotic fluid
19
Q
what determines pregnancy & fetal age
A
beta-hCG
20
Q
beta-hCG rises in __ & peaks around __
A
1st trimester; 12 weeks post conception
21
Q
low levels of beta-hCG means __
A
ectopic pregnancy
22
Q
low levels of beta-hCG means __
A
molar pregnancy where abnormal tissue grows instead of embryo
23
Q
beta-hCG is a key marker for __
A
8 - 10 weeks
24
Q
displays for 1st & 2nd trimester
A
1st tri:
B-mode
M-mode
Color doppler
2nd:
B-mode
Color-mode
Pulsed doppler
25
displays for 3rd trimester
B-mode
M-mode
Color doppler
Pulsed doppler
3/4D
26
TA probe
curvilinear probe with large footprint = 1 – 5 MHz
27
TV probe
endovaginal probe = 7/5 MHz
28
Obstetrics patient prep
TV = empty bladder
TA
- 1st tri = full bladder
- 2nd & 3rd tri = minimal bladder
fasting not needed
29
1st trimester is __ weeks
4 - 14
30
2nd trimester is __ weeks
14 - 28
31
3rd trimester is __ weeks
> 28
32
US intensities from highest to lowest
Spectral / Pulsed > Color > M-mode > B-mode
33
Thermal index ___ should not be used for obstetrics scanning
> 3.0
34
what mode should not be used in 1st trimester unless clinically indicated
pulsed doppler
35
What display controls should be adjusted to optimize image quality while reducing US exposure
depth, focus, sector width, colour box, size
36
which week can fetal cardiac activity be heard
7
37
CRL
crown rump length; measured from head to buttocks for human length & estimate GA
38
"-chorionic” refers to __
placenta
39
“-amniotic” = refers to __
amniotic fluid
40
what does morula cause __
Dichorionic, Diamniotic
41
what does blastocyst cause __
Monochorionic, Diamniotic
42
what does implanted blastocyst cause __
Monochorionic, Monoamniotic
43
what does formed embryonic disc cause __
conjoined twins
44
what ectopic pregnancy is the most common
isthmic / tubal
45
anembryonic gestation AKA __
blighted ovum
46
what happens during anembryonic gestation
o Early miscarriage when fertilized egg doesn't develop into embryo but gestational sac develops
o No embryo seen in gestational sac with mean sac diameter > 25mm
47
what appearance does complete hydatidiform mole have
swiss cheese
48
complete hydatidiform mole increases the risk of __
choriocarcinoma
49
how does complete hydatidiform mole occur
when empty ovum combines with diploid sperm
50
how does incomplete hydatidiform mole occur
when haploid ovum combines with 2 sperm
51
what is checked for during week 11 - 14
C NANT
- trisomy 21/18/13
- CRL measurements for dating
- Nuchal translucency
- Fetal nasal bone
- fetal anatomy
52
how should the fetus be positioned for CRL measurement for dating
- supine; neither hyperflexed nor hyperextended
- long axis of fetus perpendicular to US beam
53
absence of fetal nasal bone indicates
down syndrome
54
nuchal translucency < 3.5mm indicates
higher risk of down syndrome & cardiac defects
55
arcania
- Absent cranial vault & cerebral hemispheres
- Flowering parts seen are floating brain tissues
56
characteristics of cystic hygroma
lots of septum and extremely thickened NT
57
NT
nuchal translucency
58
omphalocele
abdominal contents protrude into peritoneal sac due to umbilical ring defect
59
Gastroschisis
No membrane and intestines freely floating
60
what hormones peak at day 14 of mensus
FH & LSH
61
what hormone peaks during luteal phase
progesterone
62
what hormone peaks near end of follicular phase
estradiol
63
what is the pattern of estrogen & progesterone during pregnancy
starts rising from week 16 & peaks at week 36
64
what are the different methods to calculate EDD
- naegele's formula
- abdominal palpitation
- beta hCG levels
- US
65
when can gestational sac be seen in TA & TV
TA = 6 weeks
TV = 5 weeks
66
when can yolk sac be seen in TA & TV
TA = 6.5 weeks
TV = 5.5 weeks
67
when can fetal pole be seen in TA & TV
TA = 7 weeks
TV = 6 weeks
68
when can fetal cardiac activity be seen in TA & TV
TA = 7-8 weeks (when fetal pole > 10mm)
TV = 6 weeks (when fetal pole > 5mm)
69
when is amnion formed
week 7
70
what is seen in amnion
Embryo in amniotic cavity
Yolk sac in chorionic cavity
71
what does double desidual sac sign indicate
positive intra-uterine pregnancy
72
what is the normal size of desidual sac sign
< 5mm
73
when is the earliest that desidual sac sign can be seen
week 5
74
decidua is __ of 1st trimester
endometrium
75
what does T-sign in the uterus indicate
monochorionic & diamniotic
76
what does lambda-sign in the uterus indicate
dichorionic & diamniotic
77
what are the definitive diagnostic criteria for IUP failure
CRL > 7mm without cardiac activity
No visible embryo seen within mean sac diameter of > 25 mm
Absence of embryo with heart beat > 14 days after scan that shows GS without yolk sac
Absence of embryo with heart beat > 11 days after scan that shows GS with yolk sac
78
what are heterotropic pregnancies
2 pregnancies at same time
79
heterotropic pregnancies AKA __
Concomitant / Concurrent / Multiple sited / Coincident
80
what are the tubal sites in uterus
ampullary, isthmic, infundibular
81
what is an interstitial site in uterus
cornual
82
what is a caesarean site in uterus
intramural
83
what are the different spontaneous abortion types
Missed / Complete /
Incomplete/
Inevitable / Threatened
84
what is down syndrome
trisomy 21
85
what is edward's syndrome
trisomy 18
86
what is patowski's syndrome
trisomy 13
87
how to confirm blood flow of umbilical arteries
Using color doppler, the 2 arteries seen are the umbilical arteries; bladder seen in-between
88
what does EDD assume
Assumes patient not on contraceptives & breastfeeding
89
where does fundal height start & end
from Symphysis Pubis to top most part of uterus
90
yolk sac & embryo must be seen when gestational sac diameter is
> 25mm
91
double desidual sac sign visible in week _
5
92
Earliest possible detection of GS is _ weeks (TV) & _ weeks (TA)
5; 6
93
what mode is used to screen cardiac activity
M-mode
94
BPD is used to determine __
gestational age & fetal growth
95
BPD is best seen between week __
12 - 24
96
LVOT & RVOT are used to assess __
aorta & pulmonary artery respectively
97
what should mothers do to minimize spina bifida
consume folic acid products to minimize CNS issues
