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DRG3007 Sono > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

gonads are formed in abdomen at week __

A

5-6

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2
Q

where does scrotum descend from

A

abdomen > inguinoscrotal > scrotum

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3
Q

failure of scrotum descent leads to __

A

cryptochidism / hernia

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4
Q

testicles produce

A

testosterone & sperm / spermatozoa

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5
Q

rete testis formed by __

A

anastomosis of these seminiferous tubules in mediastinum

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6
Q

testes connected to __

A

head of epididymis through efferent ducts

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7
Q

Within each hemiscrotum, the testicle and epididymis are enclosed by

A

tunica albuginea

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8
Q

tunica albuginea is covered by __

A

tunica vaginalis

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9
Q

scrotum pxt position

A

patient supine with penis flipped superior / held

rolled tissue into ball then place under upper thighs to raise scrotum

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10
Q

probes used for scrotum pxt

A

high resolution linear probe (7-18 MHz)
curvilinear probe (5-8 MHz)

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11
Q

which probe used for enlarged testes

A

curvilinear probe (5-8 MHz)

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12
Q

US scrotum scanning protocol

A
  1. compare right & left testes
  2. color doppler of comparison view
  3. transverse & longitudinal dimension of RT testes
  4. RT epididymal head, body, tail
  5. pampiniform plexus with valsalva
  6. image pathologies
  7. repeat 3-6 for LT testes
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13
Q

PW doppler may be used to confirm __

A

vein presence for testicular torsion

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14
Q

epididymitis sono features

A
  • hypoechoic
  • heterogenous
  • enlarged
  • hyperemic
  • scrotal wall thickening
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15
Q

orchitis sono features

A

enlarged hypoechoic testes parenchyma, increased vascular flow, hydrocele

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16
Q

microlithiasis sono features

A
  • many small hyperechoic foci in testes parenchyma,
  • bilateral
  • neoplasm in 40%
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17
Q

clinical symptoms of orchitis

A

scrotal pain & swelling, fever, nausea & vomitting

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18
Q

clinical symptoms of epididymitis

A

acute scrotal pain, swelling, fever

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19
Q

causes of epididymitis

A

UTI, idiopathic, trauma

20
Q

causes of microlithiasis

A

idiopathic, calcified vessels, granulomatosis, asymptomatic

21
Q

causes of tubular ectasia of rete testes

A

associated with epididymal obstruction due to trauma & inflammation, asymptomatic

22
Q

tubular ectasia of rete testes sono features

A

cystic lesion in mediastinum, variable size

23
Q

causes of testicular torsion

A

twisting of spermatic cord

24
Q

clinical symptoms of testicular torsion

A

acute groin / scrotal pain, lower abdominal pain, scrotal swelling, nausea, vomitting

25
Q

testicular torsion sono features

A
  • hypoechoic parenchyma
  • enlarged
  • hydrocele
  • twisted spermatic cord pedicle
  • decreased blood flow
26
Q

clinical symptoms of rupture

A

scrotal pain, swelling & palpable scrotal mass

27
Q

rupture sono features

A
  • testes extrusion into scrotal sac
  • irregular fibrous testicular capsule
  • disruption of tunica albuginea with parenchyma extrusion
28
Q

spermatocele causes

A

trauma, infection, idiopathic, non-viable sperm, retention cyst arising from rete testes

29
Q

spermatocele clinical symptoms

A

asymptomatic, palpable scrotal mass

30
Q

spermatocele sono features

A
  • solitary / multiple
  • anechoic round mass superior to testes
  • does not compress testes
31
Q

causes of hydrocele

A

inflammation, trauma, idiopathic, congenital

32
Q

clinical symptoms of hydrocele

A

asymptomatic, enlarged scrotum, scrotal mass & pain

33
Q

hydrocele sono features

A
  • anechoic fluid collection
  • strong posterior acoustic enhancement
  • diffuse wall thickening when chronic
34
Q

causes of varicocele

A

idiopathic, asymptomatic, infertility, incompetent spermatic veins

35
Q

clinical symptoms of varicocele

A

tender scrotal mass & pain

36
Q

varicocele sono features

A
  • tortuous venous structure
  • commonly located on left & inferior portion of scrotum
  • veins increase in size when standing / valsalva maneuver
  • check left kidney & left renal vein
37
Q

extra testicular masses are almost always __

A

benign

38
Q

testicular neoplasm is common in __

A

25 - 35 age group

39
Q

most common germ cell tumor is __

A

seminoma

40
Q

testicular neoplasm sono features

A
  • hypoechoic mass
  • well demarcated margins & frequently multifocal
  • irregular testes
  • hyperemic blood flow around tumor using color / power doppler
41
Q

epididymis is located on top of __

A

each testicle

42
Q

spermatic cord contains __

A

blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, vas deferens

43
Q

testes are divided into more than __

A

250 conical lobules containing seminiferous tubules

44
Q

spermatic cord consists of

A

arteries, nerves, ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatic vessels

45
Q

how long do you have to operate on testicular torsion

A

6 hours

DRG3007 Sono (11 decks)

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