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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck > week 8 - neuro (basal ganglia, limbic system) > Flashcards

week 8 - neuro (basal ganglia, limbic system) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fornix?

A

The major output tract of the hippocampus - part of the limbic system

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2
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

Orbital frontal cortex, hippocampus, insular cortex, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus

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3
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

Orbital frontal cortex, hippocampus, insular cortex, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus

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4
Q

What is the circle of papez?

A

Cingulate gyrus - parahippocampal gyrus - entorhinal cortex - subiculum - lateral and medial mammilary nuclei - anterior thalamic nucleus - internal capsule - cingulate gyrus

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5
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Feeding (satiety and hunger), Forgetting (memory), Fighting (emotions), Family (sexual reproduction, maternal instincts), Fornicating (sexual arousal)

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6
Q

What is the function of the orbital frontal cortex?

A

Perceive smell, involved in formation of memories

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7
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Associated with long-term memory

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8
Q

What is the function of the insular cortex?

A

Associated with desires, cravings and addiction

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9
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Perception of pain and nociception

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10
Q

What is the function of the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Provides a path for communication between cortical association areas and hippocampus

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11
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Fear, anxiety responses

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12
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Final output for the limbic system, produces hormones

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13
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

A thin, triangular double membrane, separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain

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14
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

A sulcus running in the coronal plane, separating anterior and posterior of the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

What is the longitundinal fissure?

A

The fissure that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

Where is the paracentral lobule?

A

On the inside surface of the brain, visible through the longitudinal fissure, a continuation of the pre and post-central gyri

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17
Q

What is the function of the paracentral lobule?

A

Motor and sensory innervation to the contralateral lower extremity, defecation and urination

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18
Q

Where is the cingulate sulcus?

A

Superior to the cingulate gyrus - separating it from the paracentral lobule and the superior frontal gyrus

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19
Q

What are the main commissures of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, habenular commissure, hippocampal commissure

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20
Q

What are the functions of the anterior commissure?

A

Connects structures of the olfactory pathway, frontal cortex, temporal pole and parahippocampal gyri

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21
Q

What is the function of the posterior commisure?

A

Connects the language processing centres of both cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

What do patients with an absence of the full developed corpus callosum present with?

A

Impaired verbal processing speed and problem solving

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23
Q

What may damage to the posterior commissure present with?

A

Alexia - inability to understand written words

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24
Q

What are the main issues that present if the corpus callosum is damaged?

A

Pseudobulbar palsy - inability to control tongue or facial muscles (difficulty swallowing, chewing, speaking)
Speech and movement ataxia - lack of coordination
Alien hand syndrome - The hand appears to act on its own without cognitive control or awareness from the person

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25
Q

What are the common side effects of a corpus callosotomy for epilepsy?

A

Speech irregularities, alien hand syndrome, cognitive impairments

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26
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

The central hub through which all fibres pass through before reaching the brain/spinal cord

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27
Q

What structures lie anterior to the thalamus?

A

Interventricular foramen, internal cerebral vein

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28
Q

What structures lie posterior to the thalamus?

A

Stria terminalis, body of fornix, caudate nucleus, internal capsule, splenium of corpus callosum

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29
Q

What structures lie inferior to the thalamus?

A

Hypothalamus, cerebral aqueduct, tegmentum

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30
Q

What is the internal medullary lamina?

A

A Y shaped white matter structure that splits the thalamus into three main parts - anterior, medial and lateral thalamus

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31
Q

What is the name of the posterior most aspect of the thalamus?

A

The pulvinar

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32
Q

What structures sit between the pulvinar of the thalamus?

A

Pineal gland, habenular, posterior commissures

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33
Q

How many nuclei are there in the thalamus?

A

16

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34
Q

What do the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus do?

A

Motor cortex activities

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35
Q

What are the ventral posterior medial and lateral nuclei of the thalamus involved in?

A

Relay of information to the primary somatosensory cortex

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36
Q

What are the medial group of thalamic nuclei involved in?

A

Integrating olfactory, somatic and visceral efferent information with emotions

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37
Q

What is the anterior nuclei of the thalamus involved in?

A

The limbic system - organise emotion and recent memory

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38
Q

What are the lateral and medial geniculate bodies?

A

Nuclei of the thalamus - medial = auditory. Lateral = visual.

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39
Q

Which artery supplies the thalamus?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

40
Q

Where is the hypothalamic sulcus?

A

It is a groove in the lateral wall of the third ventricle, marking the boundary between the thalamus and hypothalamus

41
Q

What does the medial geniculate body do?

A

relays auditory information from the inferior colliculus to the auditory radiation

42
Q

What does the lateral geniculate body do?

A

relays visual information from the superior colliculus to the primary visual cortex

43
Q

Where are the medial and lateral geniculate bodies?

A

Under the pulvinar - the posterior end of the thalamus

44
Q

What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulation of eating and drinking behaviour, regulation of sexual activity and reproduction, and the control of autonomic activity

45
Q

What do the mammillary bodies do?

A

they have a role in recollective memory

46
Q

What are the functions of the habenular nuclei?

A

Medial - mood regulation and fear memory
Lateral - mood and behaviour expression, sleep mechanism control

47
Q

Where is the habenular nuclei?

A

Just anterior to the pineal gland

48
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Produce melatonin - regulates sleep cycles

49
Q

What is the preoptic area?

A

The anterior portion of the hypothalamus - involved in sexual behaviour

50
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A network of interconnected nuclei in the brainstem

51
Q

Which parts of the limbic system are connected via the papez circuit?

A

Cingulate gyrus, Hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, anterior perforated substance, septal nuclei, uncus, and amygdala

52
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A white-matter tract connecting the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies

53
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Fibres that connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

54
Q

Where is the cingulum bundle?

A

In the cingulate gyrus wrapping around the outside of the corpus callosum

55
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus do?

A

It is a white matter tract that connects the different lobes of each cerebral hemisphere

56
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

White matter tracts between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

57
Q

What structure sits immediately superior to the fornix?

A

The lateral ventricle

58
Q

Which structures border the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles?

A

Caudate - anterolateral wall of anterior horn
Thalamus - posterolateral wall of anterior horn
Putamen - lateral to lateral ventricle but does not border directly

59
Q

Which structure forms the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle?

A

The hippocampus

60
Q

What is the choroid fissure?

A

A narrow cleft between the thalamus and fornix to which the choroid plexus is attached

61
Q

What is the pes-hippocampi?

A

The anterior part of the hippocampus that resembles a lions paw

62
Q

What is the stria terminalis?

A

A band of fibres running over the thalamus, major output tract of the amygdala (to septal nuclei and hypothalamus)

63
Q

Where is the dentate gyrus?

A

The tissue between the parahippocampal gyrus and the fimbria of the hippocampus (medial to the hippocampus)

64
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of an amygdala lesion?

A

Increased sex drive, hunger, decreased aggression

65
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a hippocampal lesion?

A

Anterograde amnesia - difficulty turning short term memories into long-term memories

66
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of antagonising the limbic system?

A

A schizophrenia-type picture

67
Q

What are the symptoms of acquired hydrocephalus?

A

Headache, feeling sick, blurred vision, difficulty walking

68
Q

What are the symptoms of congenital hydrocephalus?

A

Learning difficulties, speech problems, memory problems, visual problems

69
Q

What are the causes of hydrocephalus?

A

Spina bifida, mumps, serious head injury, brain tumour, stroke

70
Q

How do you treat hydrocephalus?

A

A shunt can be placed to drain the fluid, third ventriculostomy

71
Q

What is the lateral medullary lamina?

A

The area that separates the globus pallidus and the putamen

72
Q

What is the medial medullary lamina?

A

The area that separates the medial and lateral parts of the globus pallidus

73
Q

What are the three parts of the internal capsule?

A

Posterior limb, genu and anterior limb

74
Q

Where is the internal capsule?

A

Between the thalamus and lentiform nucleus (GP and Putamen)

75
Q

Where is the external capsule?

A

Between the putamen and claustrum

76
Q

Where is the extreme capsule?

A

Between the claustrum and insula

77
Q

What are the three parts of the caudate nucleus?

A

Head, body, tail

78
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus sit?

A

Central brain - makes up lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. continuous with putamen rostrally

79
Q

What is the function of the caudate nucleus?

A

Integrates proprioceptive information and sends to specific areas of the thalamus. also involved in memory, goal-pursuit, learning, language processsing, emotions

80
Q

What is the name of the white matter layer that separates the putamen and globus pallidus?

A

The lateral medullary lamina

81
Q

What is are the functions of the putamen?

A

Regulation of motor functions and influencing learning. It uses dopamine.

82
Q

Where is the nucleus accumbens?

A

In the rostral forebrain, where the head of the caudate nucleus and putamen meet

83
Q

What is the function of the nucleus accumbens?

A

It is involved in the reward circuit - as the limbic-motor interface. When we do anything rewarding, dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area are activated, these project to nucleus accumbens, which are activated causing an increase in dopamine levels.

84
Q

What structure is immediately inferior to the globus pallidus?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

85
Q

What is the function of the globus pallidus?

A

It is involved in regulation of movement to produce precise motor actions, inhibits the excitatory action of the cerebellum

86
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

In the midbrain, between the cerebral peduncles and tegmentum

87
Q

What are the two parts of the substantia nigra and their functions?

A

Pars compacta - output of basal ganglia circuit sending dopamine to the striatum
Pars reticulata - input, conveys signals from basal ganglia to thalamus

88
Q

What is thought to be the etiology of parkinsons?

A

Loss of dopamine neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta, less signals sent to striatum, reduction in precision of movement

89
Q

What are the four functional groups of the basal ganglia?

A

Input nuclei: striatum, subthalamic nucleus
Output nuclei: Internal globus pallidus, reticular part of substantia nigra
Connecting nuclei: External part of globus pallidus
Modulatory nucleus: compact part of substantia nigra

90
Q

What are the major output pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

Corticostriatal - excite the striatal neurons
nigrostriatal - from SNc ensuring basal ganglia have a contant supply of dopamine
thalamostriatal - excitatory effects on cortex and brainstem

91
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia as a whole?

A

Planning and modulation of movement, motivation and reward, decision making, working memory, eye movements

92
Q

How does less dopamine in the substantia nigra cause parkinsons symptoms?

A

the basal ganglia cannot control muscle movement as they normally do, leading to tremor, slow movement (bradykinesia), a tendency to move less (hypokinesia), problems with posture and walking, and some loss of coordination.

93
Q

What is the etiology of Huntington’s disease?

A

Degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen

94
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A

Jerking/spasm movements, chorea, mental deterioration - cant control impulses and death

95
Q

What is the visual manifestation of an enlarged pituitary gland?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia - due to pituitary squashing the optic chiasm (fibres from lateral areas of vision)

96
Q

Why are carrots good for your eyes?

A

They contain vitamin A which is needed to form rhodopsin (a pigment in your eye that helps you see at night). Also contains antioxidants which help prevent eye damage from free-radicals

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck (11 decks)

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