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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck > week 7 - neuro (cranial nerves and CN nuclei) > Flashcards

week 7 - neuro (cranial nerves and CN nuclei) Flashcards

1
Q

What goes through the superior orbital fissure (lateral to medial)?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein, lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, oculomotor nerve, nasociliary nerve

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2
Q

What goes through the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve, anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery

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3
Q

What goes through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

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4
Q

What goes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve

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5
Q

What goes through the foramen ovale?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the lesser petrosal nerve

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6
Q

What goes through the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery and carotid sympathetic plexus

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7
Q

What goes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery , meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

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8
Q

What goes through the hiatus of canal for lesser petrosal nerve?

A

Lesser petrosal nerve and superior tympanic artery

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9
Q

What goes through the hiatus of canal for greater petrosal nerve?

A

Greater petrosal nerve

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10
Q

What goes through the hiatus of canal for greater petrosal nerve?

A

Greater petrosal nerve

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11
Q

What goes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Labyrinthine artery and vein, vestibulocochlear and facial nerve

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12
Q

What goes through the jugular foramen?

A

Internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, inferior petrosal sinus, posterior meningeal artery

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13
Q

What goes through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal vein, anterior spinal artery, spinal cord, spinal root of accessory nerve, vertebral artery

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14
Q

What goes through the condylar canal?

A

Condylar emissary vein

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15
Q

What goes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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16
Q

What goes through the mastoid foramen?

A

An emissary vein

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17
Q

What goes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Facial nerve, stylomastoid artery

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18
Q

What goes through the petrotympanic fissure?

A

Anterior tympanic artery, chorda tympani

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19
Q

What goes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Deep petrosal nerve and greater petrosal nerve

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20
Q

What goes through the lesser palatine foramen?

A

Lesser palatine nerve and artery

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21
Q

What goes through the greater palatine foramen?

A

Greater palatine nerve and artery

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22
Q

What goes through the incisive canal?

A

Nasopalatine nerve and artery

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23
Q

Which bones make up the cranial fossa?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, occipital

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24
Q

Which foramen are in the occipital bone?

A

Hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum

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25
Q

Which foramen are in the temporal bone?

A

Carotid canal, stylomastoid foramen, jugular foramen, mastoid foramen

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26
Q

Which foramen are in the sphenoid bone?

A

Foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen rotundum?

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27
Q

What does the olfactory nerve do?

A

SVA - special sense of smell

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28
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

SVA - special sense of sight

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29
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do?

A

GSE - Motor to extraocular muscles
GVE - Parasympathetic to smooth muscle in the eye

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30
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do?

A

GSE - Motor to superior oblique muscle

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31
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve do?

A

GSA- sensory to face, orbit, nose, anterior tongue
SVE - motor to muscles of mastication

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32
Q

What does the abducens nerve do?

A

GSE - motor to lateral rectus muscle

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33
Q

What does the facial nerve do?

A

GSA - sensory to skin of ear
SVA - special sense of taste to anterior tongue
GVE - motor and parasympathetic to salivary, nasal and lacrimal glands
SVE - motor to facial muscles

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34
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

A

SSA - special sense of hearing and balance

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35
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

GSA - sensory to posterior tongue
SVA - special sensory taste to posterior tongue
GVA - sensory from middle ear, pharynx, carotid body/sinus
GVE - motor to parotid gland (parasympathetic)
SVE - motor to stylopharyngeus

36
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

GSA - sensory to external ear
SVA - special sense of taste - epiglottis
GVA - sensory from pharynx, larynx and viscera
GVE - motor to viscera
SVE - motor to muscles of larynx/pharynx

37
Q

What does the accessory nerve do?

A

SVE - motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

38
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve do?

A

GSE - motor to muscles of the tongue

39
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) provide motor supply to the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal - all muscles except palatoglossus
Vagus - palatoglossus

40
Q

Which cranial nerves provide general sensation to the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve - anterior 2/3rds

41
Q

Which cranial nerves provide taste sensation to the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3rd
Facial nerve (chorda tympani branch) - anterior 2/3rds

42
Q

Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibres?

A

10, 9, 7, 3

43
Q

What does the vagus nerve parasympathetics do?

A

Supply to the viscera of the foregut, midgut, cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

44
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal parasympathetics do?

A

parotid salivary gland

45
Q

What does the facial parasympathetics do?

A

tear, nasal and salivary glands

46
Q

What does the oculomotor parasympathetics do?

A

Narrows pupils and focuses lens

47
Q

What visual changes might one see in a patient with a pituitary tumour?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

48
Q

What is cavernous sinus syndrome?

A

Any pathology in the cavernous sinus that presents as unilateral ophthalmoplegia (CNIII, IV, VI dysfunction), autonomic dysfunction (horner’s syndrome) or V1 loss

49
Q

What is the presentation of abducens nerve palsy?

A

When looking outwards, the affected eye does not abduct

50
Q

What is horner’s syndrome?

A

Dysfunction of the parasympathetics of oculomotor (ptosis, miosis (constricted pupil) and anhydrosis

51
Q

what is the clinical presentation of an oculomotor nerve lesion?

A

Drooping eyelid, diplopia, pupil dilation, impaired downward and inward movement of the eyeball

52
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a trochlear nerve lesion?

A

Double vision on looking down or reading/walking down stairs

53
Q

What is the presentation of a middle cranial fossa fracture?

A

CFS otorrhoea and rhinorrhoea, haematotympanum, conductive or sensorineural hearing loss, epistaxis, battles sign (post auricular bruising), vertigo and nystagmus

54
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Complete or partial paralysis of CN7, most likely caused by an infection

55
Q

How does Bell’s palsy present?

A

No forehead sparing, eye drooping, increased sound sensitivity, mouth drooping, decreased taste

56
Q

Why does an acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) affect cranial nerves 5, 7 and 8?

A

It grows on CNVIII, and compresses local structures such as CNV and CNVII

57
Q

What is the general presentation of an acoustic neuroma?

A

Progressive Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, dizziness (Facial pain, numbness, facial weakness, headaches, vomiting)

58
Q

What is jugular foramen syndrome?

A

Paresis of CNIX, CNX, CNXI (and sometimes CNXII)

59
Q

What are the symptoms of jugular foramen syndrome?

A

dysphonia, soft palate dropping, uvula deviation towards normal side, dysphagia, loss of taste from back of tongue, decrease parotid secretion, loss of gag reflex, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius paresis

60
Q

What are the nuclei associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Visceral oculomotor (edinger-westphal) nucleus (CNIII)
Superior salivatory nucleus (CNVII)
Inferior salivatory nucleus (CNIX)
Dorsal vagal nucleus (CNX)

61
Q

Do cranial nerve nuclei contain both sensory and motor components?

A

No, it is one or the other

62
Q

How many cranial nerve nuclei are in the brainstem?

A

18 main ones

63
Q

Which nuclei are general somatic efferent?

A

Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, hypoglossal

64
Q

Which nuclei are special visceral efferent?

A

motor nucleus of trigeminal, nucleus of facial nerve, nucleus ambiguus (parasympathetics to heart, laryngeal muscles)

65
Q

Which nuclei are general visceral efferent?

A

accessory oculomotor nucleus (Edinger-Westphal), salivatory nuclei, dorsal vagal nucleus

66
Q

Which nuclei are general and special visceral afferent?

A

Nuclei of the solitary tract, commissural nucleus of vagus, gustatory nucleus

67
Q

Which nuclei are general somatic afferent?

A

principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve, mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

68
Q

Which nuclei are special somatic afferent nuclei?

A

Cochlear and vestibular nuclei

69
Q

Where is the oculomotor nucleus?

A

Superior aspect of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus, next to the cerebral aqueduct

70
Q

Where is the trochlear nucleus?

A

Lower midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus, lies anterior to the cerebral aqueduct

71
Q

Where is the abducens nucleus?

A

in the lower pons, deep to the facial colliculus

72
Q

Where is the hypoglossal nucleus?

A

Upper medulla, near the midline in the floor of the 4th ventricle

73
Q

What do the special visceral efferent nuclei supply?

A

Skeletal muscle from the branchial arches

74
Q

Where is the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve?

A

In the upper pons, dorsally, medial to the main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

75
Q

Where is the nucleus of the facial nerve?

A

In the lower pontine tegmentum, anterolateral to the nucleus of the abducens nerve, fibres loop around abducens nucleus and form the facial colliculus

76
Q

Where is the nucleus ambiguus?

A

In the medulla, deep in the reticular formation

77
Q

What is the nucleus ambiguus?

A

A composite nucleus with fibres to glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory

78
Q

Where is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

A

In the midbrain

79
Q

What does the Edinger-Westphal nucleus do?

A

Pupillary light reflex and accommodation (oculomotor parasympathetics)

80
Q

Where do the salivatory nuclei lie?

A

In the dorsal part of the pons

81
Q

What does the superior salivary nucleus do?

A

Sends fibres to facial nerve to innervate submandibular and salivary glands

82
Q

What does the inferior salivary nucleus do?

A

Sends fibres to the glossopharyngeal nerve to innervate parotid gland

83
Q

Where does the dorsal/motor nucleus of the vagus nerve lie?

A

It is a long nucleus that sits vertically in the medulla, deep to the vagal trigone

84
Q

What does the nucleus solitarius do? (solitary nucleus)

A

Receives input from visceral sensations from vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

85
Q

Which nerves synapse in the gustatory nucleus?

A

Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

86
Q

What does the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Muscles of mastication

87
Q

How does an upper motor neuron hypoglossal paralysis differ to a lower deficit?

A

Upper: tongue deviates to opposite side, mild weakness
Lower: tongue deviates to side of lesion, atrophy, fasciculation
(left sides tongue muscle contraction causes right sided tongue movement, genioglossus only receives info from contralateral cerebral cortex)

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck (11 decks)

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