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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck > Week 3 - head and neck (pharynx and larynx) > Flashcards

Week 3 - head and neck (pharynx and larynx) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the pharynx extend from and to?

A

From the base of the skull to inferior border of cricoid cartilage (C6)

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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3
Q

What are the cartilages in the larynx?

A

Unpaired: epiglottis, Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
Paired: cuneiform, corniculate and arytenoid

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4
Q

What connects the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?

A

The thyrohyoid membrane

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5
Q

What are the features of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Two lamina, fused in the midline forming the laryngeal prominence. Superior and inferior horns.

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6
Q

What are the features of the epiglottis?

A

Leaf-shaped cartilage made from elastic cartilage, closes of the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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7
Q

What are the features of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Signet ring shaped, with the signet-shaped lamina facing posteriorly, complete circle of cartilage

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8
Q

Where do the arytenoid cartilages sit?

A

On the superolateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage

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9
Q

What are the features of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

They are pyramidal in shape with three faces, the corniculate cartilages balance on top, there is vocal process that attaches the vocal cords and a musclular process

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10
Q

Which muscles attach onto the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

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11
Q

Where do the corniculate cartilages sit?

A

On top of the arytenoid cartilages

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12
Q

Where do the cuneiform cartilages sit?

A

In the lateral muscular wall of the larynx

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13
Q

What are the borders of the retropharyngeal space?

A

Buccopharyngeal space anteriorly and alar fascia posteriorly, carotid sheaths laterally

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14
Q

Which space are continuous with the retropharyngeal space?

A

Parapharyngeal space, sublingual space and danger space

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15
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the retropharyngeal space?

A

It is susceptible to infections from Waldeyer’s tonsillary ring, or cellulitis from a dental abscess, these can travel down into the danger space and infect the mediastinum

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16
Q

What is the danger space?

A

The posteroinferior end of the retropharygneal space, it connects the fascial spaces of the head and neck with the posterior mediastinum

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17
Q

Where is the nasopharynx?

A

From the base of skull to soft palate

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18
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

From the hard palate to hyoid bone

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19
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

From the upper border of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the pharyngeal wall?

A

Outer: buccopharyngeal fascia. Middles: muscular layer of circular and longitudinal muscle. Inner layer: mucous membrane

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21
Q

What is the pharyngeal raphe?

A

The midline of the posterior pharynx where the pharyngeal constrictors attach

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22
Q

What are the attachments of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

O: pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible
I: Pharyngeal tubercle on occipital bone

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23
Q

What are the attachments of the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

A

O: Stylohyoid ligament, greater and lesser horn of hyoid bone
I: median pharyngeal raphe, superior and inferior constrictors

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24
Q

What are the attachments of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

O: oblique line of thyroid cartilage (thyropharyngeal part), cricoid cartilage (Cricopharyngeal part)
I: median pharyngeal raphe (thyropharyngeal part), blends with oesophageal fibres (cricopharyngeal part)

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25
Q

What are the 6 pharyngeal muscles?

A

Superior, middle and inferior constrictors. Longitudinal muscles: palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus

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26
Q

What are the attachments of palatopharyngeus?

A

O: posterior border of hard palate
I: posterior border of thyroid cartilage, blends with contralateral palatopharyngeus muscle

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27
Q

What are the attachments of salpingopharyneus?

A

O: inferior part of the eustachian tube
I: Blends with palatopharyngeus muscle

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28
Q

What are the attachments of stylopharyngeus?

A

O: medial base of styloid process of temporal bone
I: blends with pharyngeal constrictors, lateral glossoepiglottic fold, posterior border of thyroid cartilage

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29
Q

What is the innervation to the pharyngeal muscles?

A

All innervated by the pharyngeal plexus and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, except stylopharyngeus which is innervated by glossopharyngeal

30
Q

What are the actions of the pharyngeal muscles?

A

Constriction and/or elevation of the pharynx

31
Q

Which pharyngeal muscle does the glossopharyngeal nerve run along?

A

Stylopharyngeus (posterior and lateral surface)

32
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve come off the vagus nerve?

A

2.5cm below the base of the skull

33
Q

Which triangle does the hypoglossal nerve run through?

A

The submandibular triangle

34
Q

Where is the larynx?

A

Anterior neck, from C3 to C6

35
Q

What is the supraglottis?

A

From superior aspect of the epiglottis to the laryngeal ventricles. Contains: ventricles, false cords, epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds

36
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Middle of larynx, contains true vocal cords, anterior and posterior commisures

37
Q

What is the subglottis?

A

From inferior surface of true vocal cords to inferior aspect of cricoid cartilage

38
Q

What are the laryngeal ventricles?

A

Bilateral bulge between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold forming a lateral recess

39
Q

What are the features of the thryohyoid ligament?

A

Flat membranous sheet between superior aspect of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, is pierced by superior laryngeal vessels and internal laryngeal nerve

40
Q

What is the hyoepiglottis ligament?

A

A ligament connecting the hyoid bone to the anterior epiglottis

41
Q

What is the cricotracheal ligament?

A

Ligament connective the trachea and the cricoid cartilage, around the circumference of the larynx

42
Q

What are the vestibular folds?

A

The false vocal cords, lying above the true vocal cords - made from vestibular ligament - protects the larynx

43
Q

What are the vocal folds?

A

The true vocal cords, that can be adducted and abducted, made from vocal ligament, vocalis muscle and mucous membrane.

44
Q

What is the rima glottis?

A

The space inbetween the true vocal cords

45
Q

What are the two main divisions of arterial supply to the pharynx?

A

Upper pharynx - external carotid branches
Lower pharynx - inferior thyroid artery from subclavian

46
Q

What is the venous drainage to the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal venous plexus - drains in to pterygoid plexus superiorly and internal jugular inferiorly

47
Q

What is the sensory innnervation to the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve

48
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the oropharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve via pharyngeal plexus

49
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx?

A

Vagus nerve via internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

50
Q

What is the arch-shaped prominence that covers the opening of the eustachian tube?

A

Torus Tubarius

51
Q

What is the salpingopharyngeal fold?

A

A vertical fold of mucous membrane extending inferiorly from the opening of the eustachian tube

52
Q

Where are the prirform recesses?

A

Lateral to the laryngeal inlet, just superior to the lamina of the cricoid cartilage

53
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Phonation, the cough reflex, protection of the lower respiratory tract

54
Q

What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Internal and external

55
Q

What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do?

A

Sensation to the laryngeal mucosa

56
Q

What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do?

A

Motor to the cricothyroid muscle

57
Q

What are the attachments of the cricothyroid muscle/

A

O: Anterolateral part of cricoid cartilage
I: Oblique part: inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. Straight part: inferior margin of thyroid cartilage

58
Q

What are the actions of cricothyroid?

A

Draws thyroid cartilage anteroinferiorly, lengthens and tenses the vocal ligaments for high-pitched sounds

59
Q

What is the innervation to cricothyroid?

A

External laryngeal nerve - from superior laryngeal nerve - from vagus

60
Q

What are the attachments of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

O: posterior surface of cricoid lamina
I: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

61
Q

What are the actions of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Abducts and lengthens vocal cords, opens glottis

62
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve - from recurrent laryngeal

63
Q

What are the attachments of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles?

A

O: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
I: opposite arytenoid cartilage

64
Q

What are the actions of the arytenoid muscles?

A

Adducts arytenoid cartilages, acts as a sphincter of the laryngeal inlet

65
Q

What is the innervation to the arytenoid muscles?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

66
Q

What are the attachments of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?

A

O: arch of cricoid cartilage
I: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

67
Q

What are the actions of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?

A

Adducts and shortens the vocal cords

68
Q

What is the innervation to the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve - from recurrent laryngeal from vagus

69
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Thyroarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, transverse arytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid, aryepiglotticus, vocalis

70
Q

What are the attachments of thyroarytenoid?

A

O: thyroid cartilage and adjacent cricothyroid ligament
I: Anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage

71
Q

What are the actions of thyroarytenoid?

A

Draws arytenoid cartilages anteriorly, relaxes vocal ligament for low pitched sounds

72
Q

What is the vocal ligament?

A

Makes up part of the vocal fold/cord

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck (11 decks)

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