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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck > Week 3 - head and neck (pharynx and larynx) > Flashcards

Week 3 - head and neck (pharynx and larynx) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the pharynx extend from and to?

A

From the base of the skull to inferior border of cricoid cartilage (C6)

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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3
Q

What are the cartilages in the larynx?

A

Unpaired: epiglottis, Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
Paired: cuneiform, corniculate and arytenoid

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4
Q

What connects the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?

A

The thyrohyoid membrane

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5
Q

What are the features of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Two lamina, fused in the midline forming the laryngeal prominence. Superior and inferior horns.

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6
Q

What are the features of the epiglottis?

A

Leaf-shaped cartilage made from elastic cartilage, closes of the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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7
Q

What are the features of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Signet ring shaped, with the signet-shaped lamina facing posteriorly, complete circle of cartilage

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8
Q

Where do the arytenoid cartilages sit?

A

On the superolateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage

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9
Q

What are the features of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

They are pyramidal in shape with three faces, the corniculate cartilages balance on top, there is vocal process that attaches the vocal cords and a musclular process

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10
Q

Which muscles attach onto the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

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11
Q

Where do the corniculate cartilages sit?

A

On top of the arytenoid cartilages

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12
Q

Where do the cuneiform cartilages sit?

A

In the lateral muscular wall of the larynx

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13
Q

What are the borders of the retropharyngeal space?

A

Buccopharyngeal space anteriorly and alar fascia posteriorly, carotid sheaths laterally

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14
Q

Which space are continuous with the retropharyngeal space?

A

Parapharyngeal space, sublingual space and danger space

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15
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the retropharyngeal space?

A

It is susceptible to infections from Waldeyer’s tonsillary ring, or cellulitis from a dental abscess, these can travel down into the danger space and infect the mediastinum

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16
Q

What is the danger space?

A

The posteroinferior end of the retropharygneal space, it connects the fascial spaces of the head and neck with the posterior mediastinum

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17
Q

Where is the nasopharynx?

A

From the base of skull to soft palate

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18
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

From the hard palate to hyoid bone

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19
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

From the upper border of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the pharyngeal wall?

A

Outer: buccopharyngeal fascia. Middles: muscular layer of circular and longitudinal muscle. Inner layer: mucous membrane

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21
Q

What is the pharyngeal raphe?

A

The midline of the posterior pharynx where the pharyngeal constrictors attach

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22
Q

What are the attachments of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

O: pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible
I: Pharyngeal tubercle on occipital bone

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23
Q

What are the attachments of the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

A

O: Stylohyoid ligament, greater and lesser horn of hyoid bone
I: median pharyngeal raphe, superior and inferior constrictors

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24
Q

What are the attachments of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

O: oblique line of thyroid cartilage (thyropharyngeal part), cricoid cartilage (Cricopharyngeal part)
I: median pharyngeal raphe (thyropharyngeal part), blends with oesophageal fibres (cricopharyngeal part)

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25
What are the 6 pharyngeal muscles?
Superior, middle and inferior constrictors. Longitudinal muscles: palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus
26
What are the attachments of palatopharyngeus?
O: posterior border of hard palate I: posterior border of thyroid cartilage, blends with contralateral palatopharyngeus muscle
27
What are the attachments of salpingopharyneus?
O: inferior part of the eustachian tube I: Blends with palatopharyngeus muscle
28
What are the attachments of stylopharyngeus?
O: medial base of styloid process of temporal bone I: blends with pharyngeal constrictors, lateral glossoepiglottic fold, posterior border of thyroid cartilage
29
What is the innervation to the pharyngeal muscles?
All innervated by the pharyngeal plexus and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, except stylopharyngeus which is innervated by glossopharyngeal
30
What are the actions of the pharyngeal muscles?
Constriction and/or elevation of the pharynx
31
Which pharyngeal muscle does the glossopharyngeal nerve run along?
Stylopharyngeus (posterior and lateral surface)
32
Where does the superior laryngeal nerve come off the vagus nerve?
2.5cm below the base of the skull
33
Which triangle does the hypoglossal nerve run through?
The submandibular triangle
34
Where is the larynx?
Anterior neck, from C3 to C6
35
What is the supraglottis?
From superior aspect of the epiglottis to the laryngeal ventricles. Contains: ventricles, false cords, epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds
36
What is the glottis?
Middle of larynx, contains true vocal cords, anterior and posterior commisures
37
What is the subglottis?
From inferior surface of true vocal cords to inferior aspect of cricoid cartilage
38
What are the laryngeal ventricles?
Bilateral bulge between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold forming a lateral recess
39
What are the features of the thryohyoid ligament?
Flat membranous sheet between superior aspect of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, is pierced by superior laryngeal vessels and internal laryngeal nerve
40
What is the hyoepiglottis ligament?
A ligament connecting the hyoid bone to the anterior epiglottis
41
What is the cricotracheal ligament?
Ligament connective the trachea and the cricoid cartilage, around the circumference of the larynx
42
What are the vestibular folds?
The false vocal cords, lying above the true vocal cords - made from vestibular ligament - protects the larynx
43
What are the vocal folds?
The true vocal cords, that can be adducted and abducted, made from vocal ligament, vocalis muscle and mucous membrane.
44
What is the rima glottis?
The space inbetween the true vocal cords
45
What are the two main divisions of arterial supply to the pharynx?
Upper pharynx - external carotid branches Lower pharynx - inferior thyroid artery from subclavian
46
What is the venous drainage to the pharynx?
Pharyngeal venous plexus - drains in to pterygoid plexus superiorly and internal jugular inferiorly
47
What is the sensory innnervation to the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve
48
What is the sensory innervation to the oropharynx?
Glossopharyngeal nerve via pharyngeal plexus
49
What is the sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx?
Vagus nerve via internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
50
What is the arch-shaped prominence that covers the opening of the eustachian tube?
Torus Tubarius
51
What is the salpingopharyngeal fold?
A vertical fold of mucous membrane extending inferiorly from the opening of the eustachian tube
52
Where are the prirform recesses?
Lateral to the laryngeal inlet, just superior to the lamina of the cricoid cartilage
53
What are the functions of the larynx?
Phonation, the cough reflex, protection of the lower respiratory tract
54
What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Internal and external
55
What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do?
Sensation to the laryngeal mucosa
56
What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do?
Motor to the cricothyroid muscle
57
What are the attachments of the cricothyroid muscle/
O: Anterolateral part of cricoid cartilage I: Oblique part: inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. Straight part: inferior margin of thyroid cartilage
58
What are the actions of cricothyroid?
Draws thyroid cartilage anteroinferiorly, lengthens and tenses the vocal ligaments for high-pitched sounds
59
What is the innervation to cricothyroid?
External laryngeal nerve - from superior laryngeal nerve - from vagus
60
What are the attachments of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
O: posterior surface of cricoid lamina I: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
61
What are the actions of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Abducts and lengthens vocal cords, opens glottis
62
What is the innervation to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Inferior laryngeal nerve - from recurrent laryngeal
63
What are the attachments of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles?
O: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage I: opposite arytenoid cartilage
64
What are the actions of the arytenoid muscles?
Adducts arytenoid cartilages, acts as a sphincter of the laryngeal inlet
65
What is the innervation to the arytenoid muscles?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
66
What are the attachments of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?
O: arch of cricoid cartilage I: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
67
What are the actions of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?
Adducts and shortens the vocal cords
68
What is the innervation to the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
Inferior laryngeal nerve - from recurrent laryngeal from vagus
69
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Thyroarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, transverse arytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid, aryepiglotticus, vocalis
70
What are the attachments of thyroarytenoid?
O: thyroid cartilage and adjacent cricothyroid ligament I: Anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage
71
What are the actions of thyroarytenoid?
Draws arytenoid cartilages anteriorly, relaxes vocal ligament for low pitched sounds
72
What is the vocal ligament?
Makes up part of the vocal fold/cord

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck (11 decks)

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