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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck > week 5 - neuro (meninges, external brain, ventricles) > Flashcards

week 5 - neuro (meninges, external brain, ventricles) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura, Arachnoid and Pia

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the dura in the cranium?

A

Periosteal/outer endosteal and inner meningeal layer

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3
Q

What is contained within the outer endosteal dural layer?

A

blood vessels and fibrous processes

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4
Q

Name all 13 dural venous sinuses

A

superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, marginal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, petrosquamous sinus, cavernous sinus, sphenoparietal sinus, intercavernous sinus.

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5
Q

What part of the dura do the dural folds come from?

A

The inner meningeal layer - the outer layer is attached to the inner surface of the skull

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6
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

A dural fold that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres - located in the longitudinal cerebral fissure

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7
Q

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

A dural fold that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

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8
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

A dural fold that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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9
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A

A dural fold that forms a roof over the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid - covering the pituitary gland

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10
Q

What is the function of the dura?

A

To support and protect the CNS, separates parts of the brain with dural folds

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11
Q

What is the tentorial notch?

A

The anterior opening between the tentorium cerebelli and opening for the passage of the brainstem

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12
Q

What is the infundibulum stalk?

A

Also known as pituitary stalk, the tube-like piece of brain between the pituitary and brain. largely sits outside the blood-brain barrier

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13
Q

What is Meckel’s cave?

A

Also known as trigeminal cave, it is a cerebrospinal fluid containing pouch in the middle cranial fossa that houses the trigeminal ganglion

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14
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

In the superior aspect of the falx cerebri, mid sagittal plane

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15
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus drain into?

A

Confluence of sinuses

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16
Q

What area does the superior sagittal sinus drain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres, falx cerebri, skull, pericranium

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17
Q

What are the tributaries of the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

Superior cerebral veins, veins of the falx cerebri, meningeal veins, diploic veins of the skull, emissary veins from the pericranium

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18
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

On the inferior border of the falx cerebri, arcing in the sagittal midline

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19
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into?

A

Straight sinus

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20
Q

What are the tributaries of the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

Veins of falx cerebri, anterior pericallosal vein

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21
Q

What is the drainage area of the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

Falx cerebri, medial surfaces of cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

Where is the straight sinus?

A

In the sagittal plane, at the junction of the tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri

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23
Q

What are the tributaries of the straight sinus?

A

The inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein mainly

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24
Q

Where is the transverse sinus?

A

It runs along the superior outside edge of the tentorium cerebelli. at the level of the external occipital protuberance

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25
Q

What does the transverse venous sinus drain into?

A

The sigmoid sinus

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26
Q

What are the tributaries of the transverse venous sinuses?

A

Inferior cerebral veins, inferior cerebellar veins, diploic veins

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27
Q

Where is the sigmoid sinus? (where does it come from and run into?

A

Runs inferiorly from the transverse sinus into the internal jugular vein

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28
Q

What area does the Sigmoid sinus drain?

A

Transverse sinus, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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29
Q

What are the tributaries of the sigmoid sinus?

A

Mastoid emissary veins, condylar emissary veins, inferior cerebellar veins

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30
Q

Where are the cavernous sinuses?

A

They are paired venous cavities that sit on either side of the sphenoid bone, extending from the most posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone

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31
Q

What are the tributaries of the cavernous sinuses?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein, Inferior ophthalmic vein, superficial middle cerebral vein, middle meningeal vein, hypophyseal vein

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32
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain into?

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

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33
Q

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

A

OTOMCAT Oculomotor nerve, Trochlear nerve, Ophthalmic nerve, Maxillary nerve, internal carotid artery, abducens nerve

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34
Q

Where is the superior petrosal sinus?

A

A small narrow dural venous sinus in the anterolateral margin of the tentorium cerebelli, from the cavernous sinus to the transverse sinus

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35
Q

What area does the superior petrosal sinus drain?

A

Brainstem, temporal lobe of cerebrum, cerebellum, tympanic cavity, inner ear

36
Q

What are the tributaries of the superior petrosal sinus?

A

Cerebellar, inferior cerebral, tympanic and labyrinthine veins

37
Q

Where are the inferior petrosal sinuses?

A

Inferior, parallel to the superior petrosal sinuses, from cavernous sinus to internal jugular vein

38
Q

What are the tributaries of the inferior petrosal sinuses?

A

Labyrinthine veins, intercavernous sinuses, basilar venous plexus

39
Q

What area do the inferior cavernous sinuses drain?

A

Middle cranial fossa, medulla oblongata, pons, inferior cerebellar surface, labyrinth of inner ear

40
Q

What is the leptomeninx?

A

The Arachnoid and pia mater

41
Q

What are subarachnoid cisterns?

A

The spaces between the arachnoid and pia mater which are filled with CSF

42
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

Protrusions of arachnoid mater that pieces the meningeal dura and into the lamina of the dural venous sinuses

43
Q

What is the function of arachnoid granulations?

A

To drain CFS from the subarachnoid space into the vascular system

44
Q

What are subarachnoid cisterns?

A

Areas where the arachnoid mater separates from the pia mater forming expansions of the subarachnoid space

45
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

The innermost layer of the meninges, a highly vascular membrane that adheres to the surface of the brain and is not distinguishable from the brain itself with the naked eye

46
Q

Where is the cisterna magna (cerebellomedullary cistern)?

A

Between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum

47
Q

What is the significance of the cisterna magna?

A

CSF drains into the cisterna magna via the foramen of Magendie and 2 Luschka. CN9,10,11, vertebral arteries and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries run through the cisterna magna

48
Q

Where is the pontine cistern?

A

Ventral to the pons and dorsal to the clivus

49
Q

What structure goes through the pontine cistern?

A

The basilar artery

50
Q

Where is the interpeduncular cistern?

A

Between the two cerebral peduncles

51
Q

What structures pass through the interpeduncular cistern?

A

CN3, distal basilar artery, origin of posterior cerebral arteries and origin of superior cerebellar arteries

52
Q

Where is the cistern of the lateral fissure?

A

On the lateral aspect of the brain over the lateral/sylvian fissue

53
Q

Where is the superior cistern?

A

Between the splenium of the corpus callosum and the superior surface of the cerebellum (posterior of centre of brain)

54
Q

What is the roof of meckels cave made from?

A

The lateral outer layer of dura

55
Q

What are the layers from skin to brain?

A

Skin, dense subcutaneous tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose connective tissue and pericranium, bone, dura, arachnoid, pia, brain

56
Q

What are the features of an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Lemon shaped on imaging. loss of consciousness following a head injury, followed by brief gain of consciousness then loss of consciousness again. mostly middle meningeal artery.

57
Q

What are the features of a subdural heamorrhage?

A

Usually due to rupture of a bridging vein, crescent shaped collection of blood. Acute = hyperdense. Chronic = hypodense Gradual deterioration

58
Q

What are the features of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Usually due to rupture of a berry aneurysm, thunderclap headache, CT - hyper-attenuation around the circle of Willis

59
Q

What are the features of an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Caused by haemorrhagic stroke, sudden onset neurological deficits, hyper-attenuation in the brain

60
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of meningitis?

A

Fever, vomiting, headache, rash, stiff neck, photophobic, seizures. Stiff neck due to dural inflammation which continues into the upper spine

61
Q

What are the causes of meningitis?

A

Viral/bacterial infection

62
Q

What is the role of the corpus callosum?

A

It is a white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allows us to perceive depth and allows the two sides of the brain to communicate

63
Q

What is the middle line of the cerebellum called?

A

Vermis

64
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

A

primary fissure

65
Q

What separates the two parts of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum?

A

Posterior superior fissure

66
Q

What is the superior medullary velum?

A

The bridge of tissue between the left and right cerebellar peduncles

67
Q

What structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

3 cerebellar Peduncles (on each side)

68
Q

What are the causes of a posterior cerebellar lobe lesion? (neocerebellar lesions)

A

Stroke, tumours, neurodegerative

69
Q

What are the symptoms of a posterior cerebellar lobe lesion?

A

dysdiadokinesia, ataxia, nystagmus, intention tremor, slurred speech, hypotonia

70
Q

What are the causes of anterior cerebellar lobe lesions?

A

Alcohol, malnutrition

71
Q

What are the symptoms of anterior cerebellar lobe lesions?

A

Gait/limb ataxia - drunken gait, head tremor

72
Q

What are the causes of midline cerebellar lesions?

A

Medulloblastoma in 4th ventricle

73
Q

What are the symptoms of a midline cerebellar lesion?

A

Truncal ataxia

74
Q

What is the name of the foramen between the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen (of monro)

75
Q

What are the two recesses in the anterior of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Supraoptic recess, infundibular recess

76
Q

What are the two recesses in the posterior aspect of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Suprapineal and pineal recess

77
Q

What is the structure that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct (of silvius)

78
Q

What are the 3 foramen from the 4th ventricle?

A

2 Luschka (lateral) 1 magendie (median aperture)

79
Q

What is the pathway of the CSF?

A

LV - interventricular foramen - 3rd V - cerebral aqueduct - 4th V - median/lateral apertures - cisterna magna/cerebellopontine cisterns - subarachnoid space - arachnoid granulations - dural venous sinuses

80
Q

Where is the choroid plexus found?

A

Floor of lateral ventricles, roofs of 3rd and 4th ventricles (everywhere except front horns of lateral ventricles)

81
Q

Describe the cellular anatomy of the choroid plexus

A

Capillary surrounding centre of pia mater, surrounded by ependymal cells

82
Q

How is CSF formed?

A

Ependymal cells take out fluid from capillary, forming a filtrate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins and ions

83
Q

What are the causes of hydrocephalus?

A

obstruction to csf absorption, blockage of aqueduct, congenital issues with CSF production

84
Q

What are the symptoms associated with hydrocephalus?

A

sunken eyes, slow reflexes, bulging fontanel, large head circumference. In adults - sleepy/coma

85
Q

What structures are found at the cerebellopontine angle?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, vestibulocochlear nerve, facial nerve, cerebellar flocculus, lateral recess of 4th ventricle

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck (11 decks)

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