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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck > week 10 - neuro (histology) > Flashcards

week 10 - neuro (histology) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

The connective tissue around a whole nerve

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2
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

The connective tissue around a fascicle/group of neurons

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3
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

The connective tissue that wraps a specific neuron

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4
Q

What is an axon terminal?

A

The end of a neuron where the synapses are

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5
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found?

A

In the CNS

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6
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with one axon and a cell body with multiple dendrites

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7
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

In specific sensory systems

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8
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with one axon and a single dendritic tree

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9
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

In the PNS only

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10
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with one axon

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11
Q

What are glial cells?

A

The supporter cells for the neurons and the nervous system

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12
Q

Name some glial cells

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells
PNS: schwann cells, satellite cells

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13
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Help maintain the BBB and provide neurons with nutrients, recycle neurotransmitters,

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14
Q

What are the histological features of astrocytes?

A

Large, ovoid, light nuclei

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15
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Make myelin in CNS

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16
Q

What are the histological features of oligodendrocytes?

A

Near neurons, small, dark nuclei

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17
Q

What is the function of schwann cells?

A

Make myelin in PNS

18
Q

What are the histological features of schwann cells?

A

Near neurons, pale nuclei

19
Q

How are the grey and white matter arranged in the cerebrum and spinal cord?

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum - grey matter is more superficial
Spinal cord - white matter is more superficial

20
Q

What are the three cell layers in the grey matter of the cerebellum (from external to internal)?

A

Molecular, purkinje, granular cells

21
Q

What are the distinguishing features of pyramidal cells?

A

apical dendrites points to outer brain surface

22
Q

Where are pyramidal cells found?

A

In the grey matter of the cerebrum

23
Q

Where are fibrous astrocytes mainly found?

A

In the white matter of the brain - they help form the BBB

24
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

A brown/gold pigment that builds up in cells as they age

25
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath

26
Q

What is an axon?

A

A cell process that takes information away from the cell body

27
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

A cell process that takes information to the cell body

28
Q

What is found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord?

A

Somatic motor neurons cell bodies

29
Q

What is found in the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

A

Visceral motor neuron cell bodies - autonomic - sympathetic (found T1-L2)

30
Q

What is found in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

A

Afferent unipolar neurons

31
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Cells that surround and support neurons in the PNS

32
Q

How many nerves can a schwann cell support?

A

Myelinated neurons are supported by their own schwann cells and multiple unmyelinated neurons can be supported by one schwann cell

33
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The dark-staining part inside the nucleus of some cells

34
Q

What is the Nissl substance?

A

A dark-staining area in the cytoplasm of cells - rough endoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Groups of cell bodies outside the CNS

36
Q

What is the ratio of neurons to glial cells in the brain?

A

1:10

37
Q

How many axons can an oligodendrocyte myelinate?

A

Multiple

38
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A

They are phagocytes, they have a role in immune defense

39
Q

What are the three components of the blood brain barrier?

A

1: Endothelial cells of the capillaries with their tight junctions
2: Basement membrane of the capillary walls
3: Astrocytes foot processes that surround capillaries

40
Q

What immune cells are found in normal CSF?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

41
Q

Do unmyelineated axons still associate with schwann cells?

A

Yes, they are enclosed by them

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - Head and Neck (11 decks)

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