Week 8 Malignant Neoplasms & Cysts Flashcards
cancerous
malignant
the spread of cancer
metastasis
names of malignant tumors usually end in these suffixes
–sarcoma or –carcinoma
* Exceptions (-oma tumors that are malignant):
Glioma (brain tumor)
Lymphoma (lymphatic system tumor)
Melanoma (skin cancer)
a serious form of skin cancer that begins in the melanocytes; occurrence is exacerbated by exposure to sunlight; may occur in the skin but also can occur anywhere that melanocytes are found (digestive tract, eye, meninges, lymph nodes)
melanoma
skin cancer that resembles the cells in the outer layers of the skin; usually develops on sites of preexisting inflammatory skin conditions or burns
squamous cell carcinoma
a malignant epithelial tumor with tubular, acinar, or papillary growth patterns or mucus production by the tumor cells; most likely to occur in the lungs, esophagus, colon, or the parotid salivary glands
adenocarcinoma
cancer that arises from the epithelium lining the urinary system; more common in Caucasians and men
transitional cell carcinoma
cancer that arises from the basal cells in the skin; most common form of skin cancer and most common form of any cancer; associated with chronic exposure to sunlight
basal cell carcinoma
an aggressive, rapid growing bone tumor that often spreads to the lungs in its early stages; high percentage respond to chemotherapy, but if not amputation is necessary
osteosarcoma
a type of bone cancer that primarily affects the cartilage cells of the femur, arm, pelvis, knee, and spine; Signs and symptoms include the presence of a large mass on the affected bone, feelings of pressure around the mass, pain that is worse at night, pain that is not relieved through rest, pain that may be present for years but increases gradually over time
chondrosarcoma
a fatty, cancerous tumor that grows in deep connective tissue spaces; often occurs behind the knee, in the medial thigh, behind the digestive organs, and in the shoulder area
liposarcoma
uncommon, aggressive malignant tumor that grows rapidly, arising from cells derived from vessels
angiosarcoma
malignant tumor of blood vessels
hemangiosarcoma
malignant tumor of lymph vessels
lymphangiosarcoma
large, destructive infiltrating malignant tumor consisting of fibrous tissue; most common in the extremities and can result in pathologic bone fractures
fibrosarcoma
a malignant tumor that results from a mutation during lymphocyte production; signs and symptoms include painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, axillary space, or groin, swelling in the legs or ankles, abdominal discomfort or bloating, fever, weight loss, night sweats, chills, lack of energy, itching
lymphoma
a rare, fast-growing malignant tumor; accounts for over half of the soft tissue sarcomas in children and has high mortality rate
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle that most commonly develops in the uterus or stomach and commonly metastasizes to the lungs
leiomyosarcoma
a form of brain cancer that arises from supporting cells in the brain; signs and symptoms are caused by blockage of the ventricles of the brain which leads to increased intracranial pressure due to the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid
glioma
a sac within or on the body surface containing air or a fluid
cyst
a non-malignant fluid-filled sac that develops in the ovary and consists of one or more chambers
ovarian cyst
a closed sac found just under the skin containing a material formed from skin secretions; product of swollen hair follicles or trauma to the skin; created when keratin protein is secreted from sweat glands
sebaceous cyst (AKA epidermal cysts, keratin
cysts, or epidermoid cysts)
increase in the size of cells (no increase in the actual number of cells)
hypertrophy
increase in the number of cells
hyperplasia
one cell type is replaced by another
cell type (happens during the healing process and does not indicate the presence of a tumor)
metaplasia
cancer of the white blood cells
* primary sign is a WBC count elevated 10-100x the normal range
* more frequent in combination with down syndrome, overexposure to radiation, or in individuals being treated with aggressive chemotherapy
* may be acute or chronic
leukemia
cancer of the stomach
* initially spreads through the stomach wall to nearby lymph nodes and organs (i.e. liver, pancreas, colon) and can spread further from there
* usually no symptoms in the early stages
* S/S – indigestion, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, loss of appetite, bloody vomit, & bloody feces
gastric cancer
several types of cancers can develop in the liver (T/F)
true (liver composed of several types of cells)
most liver cancers originate in the liver (T/F)
false (most cancers do not originate in the liver but are spread from other parts of the body)
cancer which affects either the colon or rectal portions of the large intestine
colorectal cancer
benign tumors of vascular organs that contain a stem attaching the tumor to its surrounding tissue
polyps
two categories of lung cancer
small cell lung cancer (oat cell carcinomas)
non-small cell lung cancer
small cell lung cancers grow rapidly and spread to other organs (T/F)
true
small cell lung cancers are the most common type (T/F)
false (non-small cell lung cancers are more common)
three types of non-small cell lung cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
large cell carcinoma
cancer of the prostate gland is less common in African American men (T/F)
false (more common)
cancer with signs/symptoms including: frequent urination, difficulty starting or holding back urination, inability to urinate, painful or burning urination, difficulty having an erection, painful ejaculation, blood in urine or semen, frequent pain or stiffness in lower back, hips, or upper thighs
prostate cancer
two broad categories of testicular cancer
seminoma & non-seminoma
risk factors include cryptorchidism, abnormal
development, Klinefelter syndrome
testicular cancer
develops from the flat cells covering the
outer surface of the cervix at the top of the vagina
squamous cell carcinoma
develops from glandular cells lining the cervical canal
adenocarcinoma
breast cancer is idiopathic (T/F)
true
signs and symptoms include: hematuria, abdominal flank pain, abdominal mass, weight loss, fever, hypertension, night sweats
renal cell carcinoma
renal cell carcinoma has no early warning signs, diverse clinical manifestations, and is resistant to radiation and chemotherapy (T/F)
true
renal cell carcinoma rarely metastasizes and has a low mortality rate (T/F)
false (frequently metastasizes to the lung, soft tissues, bone, liver, and brain; has a high mortality rate)
cancer of the urinary bladder can be caused by cigarette smoking (T/F)
true
skin mole
melanocytic nevus
cancer which arises from the epidermis and commonly occurs on areas exposed to the sun
squamous cell carcinoma
serious form of skin cancer that begins in the
melanocytes
malignant melanoma
cancer of the lymphatic system
lymphoma
