Week 2 Etiology

Question 1

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

Answer 1

etiology

Question 2

describes the condition of the person who is experiencing a disease

Answer 2

illness

Question 3

a condition or situation that may make a person more susceptible to a disease

Answer 3

predisposing factors

Question 4

examples of predisposing factors (9)

Answer 4

-age
-genetics
-race
-sex
-occupation
-economic status
-nutritional status
-environment
-emotional circumstance

Question 5

a condition or situation that a person is born with or may contract later in life; may be exogenous or endogenous

Answer 5

immediate cause

Question 6

pathological considerations that are initiated from outside the body

Answer 6

exogenous

Question 7

pathological considerations that are initiated from inside the body

Answer 7

endogenous

Question 8

exogenous causes of disease (3 categories)

Answer 8

-physical
-chemical
-biological

Question 9

sources of energy that may cause injury or disease (mechanical, thermal, or radiation)

Answer 9

physical agents

Question 10

compounds with toxic effects (examples include acids, poisons, or drugs)

Answer 10

chemical agents

Question 11

bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms (examples include West Nile Virus, Ebola, and smallpox)

Answer 11

biological agents

Question 12

endogenous causes of disease (2 categories)

Answer 12

-physiological
-genetic

Question 13

a disruption of normal body function or process; examples include hormonal changes, cancer

Answer 13

physiological agents

Question 14

is genetically determined and is defined as the genetic characteristics transmitted from parent to offspring; the gene is the basic unit

Answer 14

heredity

Question 15

types of heredity (3)

Answer 15

-monogenic
-chromosomal
-multifactorial

Question 16

caused by a mutation in a single gene; examples include cystic fibrosis, diabetes insipidus, hemophilia

Answer 16

monogenic disorder

Question 17

caused by the abnormalities in the number of chromosomes or by changes in the chromosomal structure; examples include Klinefelter syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Down syndrome

Answer 17

chromosomal disorder

Question 18

results from the interactions of many factors, hereditary and environmental; examples include gout, diabetes mellitus

Answer 18

multifactorial disease

Question 19

3 ways the body protects itself against disease

Answer 19

-body structures and functions (tears, pH, intact skin, etc.) help to block the entry of germs into the body
-leukocytes will engulf invading organisms at the site of infection
-specific immune responses cause protective responses to foreign antigens

Question 20

the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells (natural or acquired)

Answer 20

immunity

Question 21

the genetic features specific to race, sex, and the individual’s ability to respond to defend against a specific agent

Answer 21

natural immunity

Question 22

the body’s developed ability to defend against a specific agent

Answer 22

acquired immunity

Question 23

characterized by circulating antibodies or immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells

Answer 23

humoral immunity

Question 24

characterized by T lymphocytes

Answer 24

cell mediated immunity

Question 25

abnormally low or high activity of the immune system

Answer 25

immune system malfunction

Question 26

a hypersensitivity to a substance that normally does not cause a reaction

Answer 26

allergy

Question 27

immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues

Answer 27

autoimmunity

Question 28

failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency or some process or substance

Answer 28

immunodeficiency