Week 4 Structural Abnormalities & Birth Defects

Question 1

any development of an organ or structure that is abnormal in form, structure, or position

Answer 1

congenital anomaly

Question 2

any anomaly

Answer 2

malformation

Question 3

underdevelopment of a tissue, organ, or the body

Answer 3

hypoplasia

Question 4

complete failure of a tissue or an organ to develop

Answer 4

aplasia

Question 5

the condition of having more than the normal number of fingers or toes; extra digit may be a boneless piece of soft tissue or fully formed

Answer 5

polydactylism

Question 6

a congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent

Answer 6

phocomelia

Question 7

the absence of one or more limbs

Answer 7

amelia

Question 8

a structural abnormality that results in the failure of the fetus’ spine to close properly during the first month of gestation; accompanied by developmental insufficiencies of the brain, spinal cord, and/or meninges

Answer 8

spina bifida

Question 9

condition where infants may be born with an open lesion on their spine along with damage to the nerves and spinal cord; this damage is usually permanent and usually results in paralysis of the legs

Answer 9

spina bifida

Question 10

disorder in which most children exhibit mental disabilities, bowel and bladder complications, and/or hydrocephalus (excessive cerebrospinal fluid in the brain)

Answer 10

spina bifida

Question 11

there is no cure for spina bifida, but treatments include surgery, medication, and physical therapy (T/F)

Answer 11

true

Question 12

the most severe form of spina bifida characterized by the protrusion from an opening in the spine of both the malformed spinal cord and the meninges

Answer 12

myelomeningocele

Question 13

form of spina bifida which occurs when the spinal cord develops normally but the meninges
protrude from a spinal opening

Answer 13

meningocele

Question 14

the least severe form of spina bifida, in which one or more vertebrae are malformed
and covered by a layer of skin

Answer 14

occulta

Question 15

underdevelopment or incomplete development of tissues due to decreased numbers of cells

Answer 15

hypoplasia

Question 16

an absence of cells that leads to incomplete formation of limbs or organs; distal end of the bone may be missing or entire bone may be missing

Answer 16

aplasia

Question 17

occurs when the two sides of the palate fail to fuse during fetal development resulting in an opening between the palatine bones that form the roof of the mouth

Answer 17

cleft palate

Question 18

a separation of the two sides of the lip which may include the bones of the upper jaw (maxillae)

Answer 18

cleft lip

Question 19

majority of cases of cleft palate and cleft lip are due to genetic factors (T/F)

Answer 19

true

Question 20

cleft palate and cleft lip can only happen on one side or the other (T/F)

Answer 20

false

Question 21

condition in which individuals have difficulties identifying various colors and shades of colors

Answer 21

color blindness / color deficiency

Question 22

most of the time color blindness affects females (T/F)

Answer 22

false

Question 23

can distinguish between red and green when comparing the two but they can’t determine if a color is red or green when shown only one of the two colors

Answer 23

red/green color blindness

Question 24

cannot distinguish between blue and yellow, they see only white or gray (usually due to another disorder)

Answer 24

blue color blindness

Question 25

total colorblindness; very rare, hereditary, and usually associated with poor visual acuity and extreme sensitivity to light

Answer 25

achromatopsia

Question 26

a type of birthmark, also known as a strawberry mark, in which superficial blood vessels are enlarged

Answer 26

vascular nevus

Question 27

extra chromosome is present, usually chromosome 21 or 22; linked to mother's age; causes intellectual disability which varies in degree among other traits

Answer 27

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Question 28

the protrusion of an organ through the wall normally containing it, common in the groin and diaphragm

Answer 28

hernia