Week 4 Structural Abnormalities & Birth Defects Flashcards
any development of an organ or structure that is abnormal in form, structure, or position
congenital anomaly
any anomaly
malformation
underdevelopment of a tissue, organ, or the body
hypoplasia
complete failure of a tissue or an organ to develop
aplasia
the condition of having more than the normal number of fingers or toes; extra digit may be a boneless piece of soft tissue or fully formed
polydactylism
a congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
phocomelia
the absence of one or more limbs
amelia
a structural abnormality that results in the failure of the fetus’ spine to close properly during the first month of gestation; accompanied by developmental insufficiencies of the brain, spinal cord, and/or meninges
spina bifida
condition where infants may be born with an open lesion on their spine along with damage to the nerves and spinal cord; this damage is usually permanent and usually results in paralysis of the legs
spina bifida
disorder in which most children exhibit mental disabilities, bowel and bladder complications, and/or hydrocephalus (excessive cerebrospinal fluid in the brain)
spina bifida
there is no cure for spina bifida, but treatments include surgery, medication, and physical therapy (T/F)
true
the most severe form of spina bifida characterized by the protrusion from an opening in the spine of both the malformed spinal cord and the meninges
myelomeningocele
form of spina bifida which occurs when the spinal cord develops normally but the meninges
protrude from a spinal opening
meningocele
the least severe form of spina bifida, in which one or more vertebrae are malformed
and covered by a layer of skin
occulta
underdevelopment or incomplete development of tissues due to decreased numbers of cells
hypoplasia
an absence of cells that leads to incomplete formation of limbs or organs; distal end of the bone may be missing or entire bone may be missing
aplasia
occurs when the two sides of the palate fail to fuse during fetal development resulting in an opening between the palatine bones that form the roof of the mouth
cleft palate
a separation of the two sides of the lip which may include the bones of the upper jaw (maxillae)
cleft lip
majority of cases of cleft palate and cleft lip are due to genetic factors (T/F)
true
cleft palate and cleft lip can only happen on one side or the other (T/F)
false
condition in which individuals have difficulties identifying various colors and shades of colors
color blindness / color deficiency
most of the time color blindness affects females (T/F)
false
can distinguish between red and green when comparing the two but they can’t determine if a color is red or green when shown only one of the two colors
red/green color blindness
cannot distinguish between blue and yellow, they see only white or gray (usually due to another disorder)
blue color blindness
total colorblindness; very rare, hereditary, and usually associated with poor visual acuity and extreme sensitivity to light
achromatopsia
a type of birthmark, also known as a strawberry mark, in which superficial blood vessels are enlarged
vascular nevus
extra chromosome is present, usually
chromosome 21 or 22; linked to mother’s age; causes intellectual disability which varies in degree among other traits
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
the protrusion of an organ through the wall normally containing it, common in the groin and diaphragm
hernia
