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GBA Immunology > Week 8 - Immunotherapy + Infections and Deficiencies > Flashcards

Week 8 - Immunotherapy + Infections and Deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

Mortality rate of unvaccinated Rabies Patient ?

A

100%

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2
Q

What is unique about the Vaccination of Rabies?

A

Requires in some instances active and passive immunization at once

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3
Q

Shorting of thee recommended timing of booster injection is _______ .
Why?

A

Contraindicated.
NO proper memory response possible.
(Also too long will have removed the memory cells)

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4
Q

In theory, when should every childhood Vaccination be repeated? why?

A

Every 10 years

Memory cells eventually die out - Reason for boosting.

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5
Q

Vaccination during fever is contraindicated . Why?

A

Leads to less memory cells formation.

Should to after fever is gone.

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6
Q

What are the difficulties in approach to vacination in Infants and Elderly?
How to solve?

A

Infants - High amount of naive B cells.
Elderly - High amount of Plasma and Memory cells.
For both - Boosters, more adjuvant, and Increased antigen dose could help form a higher response

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7
Q

Two reasons for variability in the efficiency of the vaccines for Flu?

A

1 - Different strains remain unchecked in regular doctor appointments (Resources).
2 - Incorrect estimation of the development of the virulence factor in each seasons.

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8
Q

Mechanism of herd immunity ?

A

Allows immunized people to protect the unimmunized people by not transferring the infection and not giving the causative agent links to spread through.

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9
Q

What are examples for infectious diseases that don’t have highly effective vaccines? (Still considered experimental.. )

A

Malaria
Schistosomiassis
TBC
HIV

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10
Q

Biological therapeutics

examples for given entities-

A
  • Ab or its fragments
  • Cytokines and Immune ligands
  • IVIG
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11
Q

Main fields of application of Immunotherapy

A

Malignancies, Autoimmunity, Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and other Chronic Inflammatory disorder

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12
Q

Effector functions of the Antibodies given in immunotherapies

A

Neutralization by Antibodies

Induction of Apoptosis by Fragments of Antibodies

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13
Q

What are the possible conjugated materials to Antibodies given in Monoclonal Antibodies therapy ?

A

Toxins, Radioactive isotopes, Drug, Cytokines, enzymes, Lippoomes, effector cells.

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14
Q

Adverse effects of mAb treatment ?

Prevention and possible solutions?

A

Hypersensitivity and possible Anaphylactic shock, HAMA (Humen anti mouse antibodies).
Manufacturing of Ab in eukaryotic - Even humen recombinant Ab or usage of fragments of Antibodies

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15
Q

Endings of Humanized monoclonal Abs names? (4)

A

___omab - Mouse Ig
___umab - Human Ig
___ximab - Chimeric Ig
___zumab - CDR grafted humanized Ig

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16
Q

CD20

Where are they found?

A

B cells

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17
Q

LPS TLR

A

TLR4

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18
Q

Lipoproteins, Peptidoglycan, Flagellin - TLR

A

TLR1,2,5,6

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19
Q

TLR1,24,5,6 and IL1R converage their pathways to?

A

MyD88 - IRAK4

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20
Q

ssRNA, dsRNA and DNA in Extracellular matrix - TLR

A

After digestion in Endosome

TLR3,7,8,9

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21
Q

Intracellular bacterial receptors

A

NLR

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22
Q

NET releasing cells

A

Eosinophils and Neutrophils

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23
Q

Which Ig is strongly responding Bcterial polysaccharides?

A

IgM

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24
Q

Strategies of Extracellular bacteria to escape immunity (4)

A

1 - Genetic variation of surface antigen
2 - Capsules containing Salic acid - Complement inhibition
3 - Decoy Extracellular vesicles
4 - IgA Degrading protease

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25
Q

Neutrophillia - Meaning for infection type

Granulocytosis -Left shift

A

Bacterial (Extracellular)

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26
Q

Procalcitonin - Elevation signifies …

A

Systemic Bacterial Infection (Sepsis)- Stimulates its production

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27
Q

Intracellular bacteria - 2 options for how they reside in cells

A

Cytoplasmic or Vesicular

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28
Q

What are the cells aiding in the detection and destruction of intracellular bacteria? How?(3 cells)

A

NK cells by MHCI or IL12 from Macrophages or Neutrophils.
TH1 by IFNgamma release and Macrophages attack.
CTL - MHCI mediated Apoptosis

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29
Q

TIssue Injury mediated by the Immune system (in bacterial infection)

A

By activated macrophages, acculomation leads to Granuloma and healing

30
Q

Strategies of ICM Bacteria escape from Immune system

A

Inhibition of Phagolysosome formation

Hemolysin formation - Inhibition Macrophages destruction

31
Q

Lymphocytosis and Monocytosis signifies

A

Intracellular bacterial infection - TB for example

32
Q

What is the role of Eosinophils role in the Parasite attack?

A

1 - Cytotoxic cationic proteins like Esinophils peroxidase (EPO)
2 - Cytokines
3 - Lipid mediators
4 - Neuromediators

33
Q

Tissue injury in liver by parasites (BY Immune sys)

A

CD4+ activation of Macrophages and DTH with Granuloma

34
Q

NeMac

A

Helminth activated macrophages, which is similar to alternatively activated M2 macrophages (suppression)

35
Q

IgE elevation

A

Parasitic infection

36
Q

Soluble molecules produced by Helminths for attack

A

MIF and TGF for Macrophages
PS, Lysosome-PS,Glycans for DC
Cytotatins for APCs

37
Q

Innate immunity for fungi

A

Neutrophills - ROS and Phagocytosis

TLR2,4 dependent

38
Q

IL23

A

Released by Macrophages on Fungal infection

To support the TH17 and ILC3

39
Q

Adaptive Immunity for Fungi

A

Dependent on TH1 and TH17 (Like in intracellular bacteria)

40
Q

Fungal strategies to escape immunity

A

Not well known, Irrelevant .

Easier handling by Immune system

41
Q

Interferon type 1 formation in Viral Infection

A

IFN alpha - by WBC

IFN Beta - by Fibroblasts

42
Q

Type 2 Interferon (Gamma) formation in Viral infection

A

NK cells (ILC1) form them

43
Q

IFN function

A

VIrus resistancy in uninflected cells

44
Q

Adaptive immunity against viruses

A

CD8+ cytotoxicity mostly

TH1 and TH2 as well

45
Q

Tissue Injury caused by viral infection

A

Cytopathic or Immune mediated dependent on virus type

46
Q

Escape immunity strategies of VIruses

A

1 - Modification of Antigens

2 - Causing Generalized Immunosuppression

47
Q

Antigenic Variants in VIruses

A

Structural Plasticity - Tolerable changes are high occurring in them, a lot of Mutation
(Some do not have this options)

48
Q

Antigen shift

A

New gene in viruses by gene exchanges between two or more viruse
Like in Human Influenza virus with Avian Influenza Virus

49
Q

Antigen Drift

A

Passage to host leads slight viral changes

50
Q

HIV Nef

A

Rapid interlization of CD4 and MHCI and MHCII

51
Q

EBV BZLF2

A

Physical blocking of MHCII molecules

52
Q

HIV-1

A

Increases FasL expression of the Infected cells

53
Q

CMV

A

Infected cells causes continues discharge of viruses in the glands

54
Q

Lymphocytosis signefies

A

Viral infection

Hepatitis for example

55
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency - percentage in Deficiencies and Causes

A

Genetic, 10%
Missing Enzyme like in ADA
Missing cell type like in CD40 def.

56
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency - Percentage and Causes

A

Acquired, 90%

Malignancies, HIV, Drugs, Malnutration,

57
Q

Hyper-IgM Syndrome

A

No Isotype switch because of Lack of CD40 and CD40L

X linked

58
Q

SIGAD

A

IgA deficiency - Infections of Mucosal surfaces are more common

59
Q

CGD - Chronic Granulomatous

A

NADPH oxidase Def, Inability for Phagocytosis
(No ROS - Supraoxide)
X or Autosomal

60
Q

C5-9 deficiency

A

No MAC, Neisseria recurrent infections

61
Q

Which tumors could cause Secondary Immunodeficiencies?

A

Leukemia, Lymphoma or Multiple Myeloma

62
Q

What are the Iatrogenic factors that cause Secondary Immunodeficiencies?

A

Immunosuprussive drugs
DMARDs (Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs)
Chemo or Radiotherapy

63
Q

Three glycoproteins of HIV

A

gp160, gp120, gp41

64
Q

Target cells of HIV

A

CD4+ T cells

65
Q

Where does the membrane of the HIV comes from?

A

Host cells

66
Q

Gp41 of HIV

A

Transmembrane protein of HIV related to binding to Host

67
Q

Gp120 of HIV

A

Ectoprotein associated to the membrane non covelantly.

Causes the Invasion to the Host

68
Q

What are the other cells attacked by the HIV?

A

Macrophages and Monocytes that also have CD4 (Some of them have that)

69
Q

Which cell releases these proteins and what are they for?

EPO,ECP,EDN,MBP

A

Eosinophils peroxidase,Eosinophil cationic protein,Eosinophils-derived neurotoxin, Major basic protein.
All against Parasites and released in Allergies

70
Q

CTLA4 - Function?

A

Located on Helper T cells, Blocks interaction with B7 by CD28, leading to no second signal and inhibition of Antigen presentation by APC.

71
Q

What is the most specific Acute phase protein for Inflammation of Infectious origin?

A

Procalcitonin

CRP is the most important but it rises in malignancy and Autoimmune as well

GBA Immunology (15 decks)

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