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GBA Immunology > Week 7 - Active and Passive Immunization + B cells > Flashcards

Week 7 - Active and Passive Immunization + B cells Flashcards

1
Q

Prequisites to successful Immunization

A

Appropriate antigen - Epitope, MHC Bound, Correct Size
Optimal Dose
Efficient adjuvant
Best route of Administration

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2
Q

What is the importance of evidity in the Immunization?

A

Tregs have high evidity for Low amount Ag

Leads to Tolerance

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3
Q

Neutralization

A

Giving the antibody (Passive) for stoping the toxin (Antigen) damage in the short term - Days.

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4
Q

Elimination Immunization

A

Giving Ab for the specific antigen - Weeks or Months Ahead.

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5
Q

Too high dose given in Immunization will cause…

A

Anergy and Deletion of the Antigen - NO IMMUNIZATION

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6
Q

Adjuvant

A

Increasing the Immunization, E.g - Low amount of Oils or Aluminum salts

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7
Q

Different Administrations possible - Characteristics

A

Intraperitoneal - to Spleen, Only in Rodents
Subcutaneous - Prevent Anaphylactic Shock, 7 days to lymph nodes
Intramuscular - Large Amount
Oral - M cells in gut take up, Specific viruses (Tolerance and Deletion possible)

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8
Q

Immunization against HBV- Cell responsible

A

Cytotoxic T cells dependent

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9
Q

Incubation period of HBV

A

60-150 Days

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10
Q

What Ag of HBV is not a target for Immunization

A

HBeAg

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11
Q

Ag for Immunization in HBV

A

HBs - Surface

HBc - Core

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12
Q

HBV Vaccinated Person, Immune Molecule Present in blood

A

Anti-HBs IgG

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13
Q

Examples for Use of Active Immunization

A

Smallpox, Rotavirus, Polio, HiB, HPV, Yellow Fever

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14
Q

What is the Latency of Vaccination (Active Immunization)

A

Days to Weeks

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15
Q

2 Perquisites for the Memory of The Active vaccination

A

1 - Adequate Immune System

2 - Enough time for the response

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16
Q

What Antibodies are present in the first and second encounter?

A

First - IgM

Second - IgG

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17
Q

Examples for use of Passive Immunization

A

Tetanus, Rabies, Snake Bite, HBV

No Memory

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18
Q

Options for Content of Active Vaccine

A

Live/Attenuated Live, Killed, Epitope, Recombinant Epitope, Toxoid

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19
Q

Why is it important to have T cell Dependent B cell activation in Immunization?

A

T-Dependent - More Robust production of Antibodies and more Memory cells

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20
Q

Why use Aluminium salts and not oil for example as adjuvant?

A

Aluminum salt - Microliposopmes like activity- Storage effect for Antigen
Oils - Immune effect is enhanced by danger signal

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21
Q

Where are B cells formed? Matured?

A

Bone Marrow

Bone Marrow

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22
Q

BCR - which Ig

A

IgM and IgD

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23
Q

Processes of the Development of B cells after Antigen meeting?
Ending in a Plasma cell

A

Activation
Affinity Maturation
Differentiation
Isotopes Switch

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24
Q

B cell mRNA possible composition - why?

A

V33D3J2 - Miu
V33D3J2 - Delta
(IgM or IgD through alternative splicing of PremRNA)

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25
Q

Negative Selection of B cells - Outcomes

A

1- Apoptosis of Auto-reactivity B cells
2 - Central tolerance:
Receptor Modification,New Light chain expression

Ultimately - No auto-reactivity

26
Q

Mechanisms Responsible for Full diversity of Antigen Receptors
(6)

A 
1 - Germline diversity
2 - Combinatory Diversity
3 - Junctional Diversity
4 - Receptor Editing
5  - Somatic Hypermutation
6 - Receptor Revision
27
Q

Classical B cells in cortex Follicles - which response kind?

A

TD - Require T cells
For Protein antigens
Log Lived Plasma cells, Isotype switched

28
Q

Marginal area B cells response - what kind?

A

TI - No T cell
Lipids and Polysaccharides antigens
Short lived plasma cells - IgM

29
Q

Where do DC and B cells interact?

A

Secondary Lymphoid organs

Paracortical Area With T cells

30
Q

What allows the intracellular signaling from the BCR?

A

ITAM motif

31
Q

What are the co-stimulatory molecules on TH2 and B cells?

TD, B cell Activation - 3 By order

A

BCR+Antigen - TCR
CD40 - CD40L
IL21R - IL21

32
Q

Germinal center cells - Surrounding, Clonality

A

Surrounded by Follicular DC and Follicular TH cells

Monoclonal from TD interaction proliferation

33
Q

Affinity (Immunogenic)

A

Binding Force of Receptor to ligand - Never covalent but all other bonds.

34
Q

Affinity Maturation

A

By clonal expansion mutation there is better and better chance to relieve better and more surfaced interaction between the expressed B cell receptors and the Antigen.
(Point Mutation overtime - Somatic Hypermutation)

35
Q

What happens to B cells clones with weak Antigen Interaction?

A

Less interaction with TH cells - Less survival signals released for its favor

36
Q

Follicular DC to Follicular TH cell signal upon antigen sign

A

IL6 (Many others are possible but this was in the slide)

37
Q

Follicular TH cells to B cells signal upon antigen sign

A

IL21 (Many others are possible but this was in the slide)

38
Q

Follicular DC function

In Germinal center Light zone

A

Traps for Antigens - FC receptor and Complement receptors
Promoting Opsonization
Promoting B cell interaction with it

39
Q

Isotype (Class) Switch - Signals leading to which Antibody constant regions by B cell

A

IFNgamma - IgG
IL5 - IgA
IL4/IL13 - IgE

40
Q

Process of Isotype switch

A

Deletion of Regions between S (Switch Regions)

Different signals cause formation of different loops of Excision

41
Q

Key Enzyme of Somatic Hypermutation and Isotype switch

A

AID - Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase

42
Q

Plasma cells production of Ab in the Peripheral and Germinal centers

A

Peripheral - IgM for Initial response

Germinal centers - IgG (week 3)

43
Q

Survival signal for Plasma cells

Change with aging

A

IL6 and BAFF from Stromal cells of Bone marrow

Secretion of these factors is lowered by Bone marrow with years

44
Q

FCgammaR (CD32) Function and Motif

A

Feedback inhibition for B cells (Surface) on interaction by IgG pathogen bound.
ITIM (Inhibitory )

45
Q

Localization of Memory cells

A

Mantle zone of the Secondary Lymphoid organs

46
Q

Principle Effector Functions of Ab Isotypes

A

IgM - Complement activation
IgG - FC receptor opsonization, Placental Transfer.
IgE - Helminths Immunity and Mast Degranulation (Hypersensitivity 1)
IgA - Mucosal Immunity (could transport along Epithelia)

47
Q

Poly FC receptor

A

Binds the Dimer IgA FC portion

Expressed only on basal surface of Epithelial cells allows for endocytosis and translocation to the mucosal surface.

48
Q

Why do we need another proteolytic remnant portion of PolyFC receptor on the Lumen IgA dimer?

A

Protection from Digestive Enzymes

49
Q

FCR3A function

A

NK cell Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

ADCC

50
Q

TI-1 - B2 cells response

A

Carbohydrates reaction - Non specific Ab response Polyclonal

51
Q

TI2 - Marginal zone (Spleen) B

A

Sugar antigen recognition

MZB - Low Affi. IgM , Short life span for them

52
Q

TI2 - B1 cells reaction

Cells marker

A

Autoactivation - self reacting antibodies as well as when Ag present - High spontaneous Production of Ig
CD5+

53
Q

T-dependent response of B cell in Lymphoid organs:

by which kind of B cells? What type of Antigen? and What is the consequence?

A

TD Response:
Follicular B cells with Protein Antigen and TH cell.
Result: Isotype switch, High affinity Antibodies of Long lived Plasma cells.

54
Q

T-independent response of B cell in Lymphoid organs:

by which kind of B cells? What type of Antigen? and What is the consequence?

A 
TI Response (Lymphoid):
Marginal Zone B cells with Sugars/Lipids the result is IgM secreting short lived plasma cells.
55
Q

T-independent response of B cell in Mucosal linings:

by which kind of B cells? What type of Antigen? and What is the consequence?

A 
TI Response (Mucosal):
B1 (CD5+) B cells with Sugars/Lipids the result is IgM secreting short lived plasma cells.
56
Q

What is the main advantage of the (relatively primitive) B1 cell?

A

High degree of Spontaneous production of Ig

57
Q

What are the two functions of Adjuvants in order to increase Immunogenicity?

A

Danger signals - PRR Response

Depot Signals - Storage of Ag, Longer effect

58
Q

Causes of inefficiency of introduction of antigen without an Adjuvant? (3)

A
  • Antigen brakes down by enzymatic lysis over time
  • without costimulation there is anergy
  • It is highly unlikely that the antigen meet with recirculating antigen specific T or B cells.
59
Q

Complete the T cell Differentiation Result for the cytokine:
IL 12 - ___
IL4 - TH2
IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17

A

IL 12 - TH1
IL4 - TH2
IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17

60
Q

Complete the T cell Differentiation Result for the cytokine:
IL 12 - TH1
IL4 - ___
IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17

A

IL 12 - TH1
IL4 - TH2
IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17

61
Q

Complete the T cell Differentiation Result for the cytokine:
IL 12 - TH1
IL4 - TH2
IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- ___

A

IL 12 - TH1
IL4 - TH2
IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17

GBA Immunology (15 decks)

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