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GBA Immunology > Week 11 - Mucosal Immunity + HLA + Chemotaxis > Flashcards

Week 11 - Mucosal Immunity + HLA + Chemotaxis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the kinds of Infections that cause the most death every year?

A

Respiratory Mucosa Acute infections

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2
Q

What are the the associated lymphoid tissues on the mucosal surfaces?

A

MALT, GALT, NALT

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3
Q

What is percentage of the lymphocytes in mucosal surfaces relative to all?
What does this mean for antibody production ?

A

75%

IgA is the most abundant in body (not serum) - 2/3 of Ab

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4
Q

What is the job of M cells? Where are they located ?

A

Transport of antigen to APC by transcytosis (Microfold cells)
Mucosal epithelium above the Peter patches

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5
Q

SED of Peyer Patch

A

Subepithelial dome

Transportation of Antigens from M cells

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6
Q

Dendritic cells can __________ ________ across the epithelial layer to ________ antigen from the lumen of the gut.

A

Dendritic cells can extend processes across the epithelial layer to capture antigen from the lumen of the gut. (Skipping the M cell part)

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7
Q

What is the route of the Lymphocyte that was presented by Gut DC an antigen?

A

Proliferation in Mesenteric Lymph node to Thoracic duct to Blood stream and Back to Gut for attack.

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8
Q

Effector Lymphocyte homing back to the GALT - How?

A

Retinoic acid from inducing DCs causes the Lymphocyte to express the correct Integrin molecules and CCRs which leads lymphocytes to go back to gut.

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9
Q

IEL

A

Intraepithelial lymphocytes - Primary Protection

Half of them are the gamma delta T cells an NKT cells (rest is usual Lymphocytes)

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10
Q

Active receptor mediated transport along the Gut wall - Transport material

A

Dimer IgA

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11
Q

Which signals cause the Isotype switch to IgA?

A

IL5, IL2, TGF-Beta

TD

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12
Q

T Independent B cells of Lamina Propria - Activation 2 stimulus

A

Antigen from Lumen on capture

DC activated signaling - BAFF, TGF-Beta

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13
Q

What is the importance of the CD40-CD40L costimulation of te T cell in TD of Gut B cells?

A

Allows for somatic Hypermutation that leads to VDJ recombination and allows better avidity IgA produced in comparison to TI B cells.

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14
Q

What is the component that allows for IgA transcytosis in epithelium of Gut?

A

Poly-Ig receptor binding the J chain of IgA Dimer

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15
Q

Where else do we have the IgA transcytosis with Poly-Ig receptor? (Not Gut)
What does this allow?

A

Hepatocytes - allow for Bile to contain IgA and Recirculate to Gut

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16
Q

Where are the PRRs of the Gut found?

A

Inside the Epithelial cells (e.g. TLR9 in vesicles) and the Lamina Propria (e.g.NLR).
Also on the subepithelial DCs.

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17
Q

Inflammasome components and function

A

NLR, Caspase 1, ASC

Together cleave Pro-IL1 to IL1 and initiate Inflammation

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18
Q

DC that recognizes bacteria that are not a danger for the body what is the consequence?(non cytokines components)

A

TH17 differentiation - CD11b with DCs

T regulatory - CD103 with DCs

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19
Q

Fusobacterium Nucleatum promotes the formation of

A

Defensin in the oral cavity

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20
Q

Porphyromonas Gingivalis causes the formation of Citruline from Arg in the humen proteins - what could be the result of this? (Citrulinated Protein response)

A

Activation of B cells with ACPA production and systemic IC accumulation as in Autoimmunity but also other systemic diseases like Atherosclerosis (Keep your mouth clean)

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21
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid Tissue

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22
Q

NALT

A

Nasopharynx associated lymphoid Tissue

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23
Q

GALT

A

Gut associated lymphoid Tissue

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24
Q

TDA of Peyer Patch

A

T-dependent Area - Surrounding the follicular area that contains B cells.

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25
Q

Effector Lymphocyte homing back to the GALT - What are the 2 Chemokines that attract them there?

A

CCL25 and MADCAM

26
Q

In what forms does IgA stand in Active and Passive Transport across the mucosa?

A

Active Receptor Mediated Transport - Dimer

Passive Paracellular diffusion Transport - Monomer (also IgG)

27
Q 
Upon recognition of antigen on the mucosal lining by dendritic cells a TI class switch happen on B1 cell by the DC stimulation.
a Low affinity IgA is produced. What is the utility of that? Why isn't it better to have a TD class switch here?
A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE.

TD is with higher affinity but takes longer.

28
Q

The NLRs (inside the enterocytes) are very sensitive in detecting the activity of _______ ______ such as ______ or secretion systems.

A

The NLRs (inside the enterocytes) are very sensitive in detecting the activity of virulence factors such as toxins or secretion systems.

29
Q

The Intestinal/Bronchial epithelial cells _________ the immune cell function - depending on the _______ of the microbe it can detect if it is normal flora or not and transfer the input.

A

The Intestinal/Bronchial epithelial cells regulate the immune cell function - depending on the location of the microbe it can detect if it is normal flora or not and transfer the input.

30
Q

CD11b+ DC was collecting an antigen in the GALT. After Synapse with a naive T cell -What is the outcome?

A

TH17 cell differentiation - Inflammation

31
Q

CD103+ DC was collecting an antigen in the GALT. After Synapse with a naive T cell -What is the outcome?

A

Treg cell differentiation - Tolerance

32
Q

Distinctive features of the mucosal immune system:

Anatomical Feature -

A

Permanent Ag uptake

33
Q

Distinctive features of the mucosal immune system:

Effector Mechanism of B cells-

A

Permanent IgA production

34
Q

Distinctive features of the mucosal immune system:

Effector Mechanism of T cells-

A

Activated/Memory T cells predominate - even in absence of infection

35
Q

Distinctive features of the mucosal immune system:

Immunoregulatory Environment-

A

Active downregulation of Immune responses (e.g for food particles) Predominates

36
Q

HLA Typing and HLA Related Diseases:

What is a Haplotype?

A

a combination of alleles (DNA sequences) at adjacent locations (loci) on the chromosome that are transmitted together (linked).

37
Q

HLA Typing and HLA Related Diseases:

What is the Chromosome from which the Paternal and Maternal HLA are arriving from?

A

Chromosome 6

38
Q

HLA Typing and HLA Related Diseases:

What is the extra subunit that makes the 4th part of the MHC-I molecule? From Which Chromosome?

A

β-Microglobulin from Chromosome 15

39
Q

HLA Typing and HLA Related Diseases:
What is the difference in collection of the information regarding each HLA type in the OLD Vs. NEW systems of nomenclature?

A

Old nomenclature - Serological Markers

New nomenclature - Genetic

40
Q

HLA Typing and HLA Related Diseases:
What is the difference in presentation of the information regarding each HLA type in the OLD Vs. NEW systems of nomenclature?

A

Old nomenclature - HLA+CAPITALS+2 digits (HLA-B27)

New nomenclature - HLA+CAPITALS+4 digits (HLA-B0801)

41
Q

HLA Typing and HLA Related Diseases:

What is the information provided in the 4 digits NEW system of nomenclature?

A

1) Allele group
2) Specific Allele
3) Proteins with silent mutations in the coding sequence
4) Differences in the noncoding region

42
Q

HLA Typing:
What is the name of the test that allows for determination of HLA sensitization with a panel of reactive antibodies? What it can serve for?

A 
Microtoxicity test (Terasaki)
Similar patterns that cells express are indicative of similar HLA antigens - DONOR-RECIPIENT Histocompatibility
43
Q

HLA Typing Methods:Microtoxicity test (Terasaki)

How are the patterns of the HLA phenotype detected?

A

Specific Antibody Binding HLA with Complement Lysis of cell later triggers a staining of damaged cells.
HLA specific Stain.

44
Q

HLA Typing Methods - Mixed lymphocyte culture:

It is used only for detection of HLA-_ in MHC-_.

A

HLA Typing Methods - Mixed lymphocyte culture:

It is used only for detection of HLA-D in MHC-2.

45
Q 
HLA Typing Methods - Mixed lymphocyte culture:
If the Recipient T cells are lacking the class II MHC  of the Donor - What will be the outcome?
A

Activation and Proliferation of the recipient T cells following by incorporation of radioactive nuclear DNA.
Positive Result! (Reaction Occurred)

46
Q 
HLA Typing Methods - Mixed lymphocyte culture:
If the Recipient T cells are sharing the same class II MHC  of the Donor - What will be the outcome?
A

No reaction - Negative Result!

47
Q

HLA Typing Methods - Mixed lymphocyte culture:

Before transplantation these test are performed with both Recipient and Donor T cells - Result for both must be _______.

A

HLA Typing Methods - Mixed lymphocyte culture:
Before transplantation these test are performed with both Recipient and Donor T cells - Result for both must be Negative.

48
Q

HLA in Tissue transplantation:

In kidney transplantation : both HLA-I and HLA-II antigens are important but the HLA-__ is the most important.

A

HLA in Tissue transplantation:

In kidney transplantation : both HLA-I and HLA-II antigens are important but the HLA-DR is the most important.

49
Q

HLA in Tissue transplantation:

In bone marrow transplantation the MHC ____ are the most important.

A

HLA in Tissue transplantation:

In bone marrow transplantation the MHC genes are the most important.

50
Q

HLA Related Diseases:

HLA-DQ2 is associated with Sjogren syndrome, Coeliac Disease and ____.

A

HLA Related Diseases:

HLA-DQ2 is associated with Sjogren syndrome, Coeliac Disease and IDDM.

51
Q

HLA Related Diseases:

HLA-DRB1 is associated with ______ ______.

A

HLA Related Diseases:

HLA-DRB1 is associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

52
Q

Chemotaxis and Diseases:

What Infections cause Increased and Decreased Chemotaxis?

A

Increased Chemotaxis - General Infections

Decreased Chemotaxis - AIDS, Brucellosis

53
Q

Chemotaxis and Diseases:

What diseases are caused by Chemotaxis abnormalities? are they causing Increased/Decreased Chemotaxis ?

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome and Kartagener syndrome.

Always Decreased.

54
Q

Chemotaxis and Diseases:

What non-infectious diseases cause Increased Chemotaxis?

A

Atherosclerosis ,Arthritis, Periodontitis, Psoriasis , Reperfusion syndrome, Metastatic tumors

55
Q

Chemotaxis and Diseases:

What non-infectious diseases cause Decreased Chemotaxis?

A

Sclerosis multiplex, Hodgkin disease, Male infertility

56
Q

Order the steps of Lymphocyte Extravasation:

Adhesion, Attachment, Transendothelial migration, Rolling, Activation

A

1) Attachment
2) Rolling
3) Activation
4) Adhesion
5) Transendothelial migration

57
Q

Lymphocyte Extravasation:

Name the Interaction in Rolling

A

L-Selectin and P/E-selectin

58
Q

Lymphocyte Extravasation:

Name the Interaction in Adhesion

A

Integrins: LFA-1 to ICAM

59
Q

How many transmembrane domains are there in MHC I and MHC II?

A

MHC I - 1TM Domain

MHC II - 2TM Domains

60
Q

What are the Antigen binding subunits of MHC I?
What are the ones that doesn’t bind it?
(Overall Tetramer)

A

MHC I Antigen binding - α1 and α2

subunits that doesn’t bind it - α3 and β2-Microglobulin

61
Q

What are the Antigen binding subunits of MHC II?
What are the ones that doesn’t bind it?
(Overall Tetramer)

A

MHC II Antigen binding - α1 and β1

subunits that doesn’t bind it - α2 and β2

62
Q

Integrins for homing are Heterodimers an example for it is Integrin ____ which interacts with MADCAM to recirculate back to GALT.

A

Integrins for homing are Heterodimers an example for it is Integrin α4β7 which interacts with MADCAM to recirculate back to GALT.

GBA Immunology (15 decks)

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