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MSN 6101 > Week 8 - Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Week 8 - Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is DM 1?

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas

Antibodies to beta cells are present in 75% of cases

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2
Q

in type 2 DM, insulin levels are high because

A

Loss of insulin sensitivity

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3
Q

90% of diabetics are type (1 or 2)?

A

Type 2

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4
Q

Types of Secondary diabetes

A

Result of pancreatic disease, hormone disturbances, drugs, malnutrition

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5
Q

What is glucose intolerance during pregnancy?

A

Gestational diabetes

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6
Q

Risk factors for Type I DM (5)

A

Poor protein digestion (environmental and dietary)
Enteroviruses and rotavirus which are common in children
Vitamin D deficiency
Omega 3 FA deficiency
Nitrates

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7
Q

Risk factors for type 2 DM

A

Obesity

Family history

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8
Q

Low adiponectin [increases/decreases] risk of DMII?

A

Increases

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9
Q

PCOS [increases/decreases] risk of DMII?

A

Increases

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10
Q

Increased waist/hip ratio [increases/decreases] risk of DMII?

A

Increases

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11
Q

Sx of DM

A

Polyuria (urination)
Polydipsia (thirst)
Polyphagia (hunger)

Fatigue
Blurred visitor
Poor wound healing
Periodontal disease (gum disease)
Frequent infections
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12
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

Pain, burning, tingling, numbness of feet and lower legs

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13
Q

Autonomic neuropathy?

A

Causes Sx related to dysfunction of an organ system (e.g. urinary incontinence, diarrhea / constipation, sexual dysfunction)

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14
Q

What is the MC complication of diabetes?

A

Diabetic neuropathy

  • Damage to the nerves as a result of diabetes
  • Can affect different parts fo the body, mild to severe Sx
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15
Q

How to Dx DM? (4 tests)

A

Fasting blood glucose
Postpandrial glucose
Glucose tolerance test
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)

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16
Q

What is the Fasting blood glucose test?

A

Blood draw after 10-16hr fast

17
Q

What are normal Fasting blood glucose levels?
Impaired?
DM?

A

70-99 mm/dL
Impaired: >110 dL and <126 mg/dL
DM: >126 mg/dL

18
Q

What is the postpandrial glucose test?

A

Taken 2 hours after a meal

19
Q

DM levels from a postpandrial glucose test?

A

> 200 mg/dL

20
Q

What is the glucose tolerance test?

A

Patient drinks glucose solution

Blood samples taken every 30-120 minutes

21
Q

Normal glucose tolerance test (GTT) levels?
Pre-diabetes?
Dm?

A

1 hour: <150 mg/dL
2 hour: <120 mg/dL

Pre-diabetes:
2 hour: 140-180 mg/dL

DM:
1 hour: >180
2 hour: >150

22
Q

Normal HbA1c levels?

DM levels?

A

5-7%

DM: Up to 20%

23
Q

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition that is an example of

A

Hyperthyroidism

Too much T3/T4 circulating in the blood

24
Q

In Graves’ disease, TSH is [low/high]

A

Low TSH (produced by pituitary)

Auto-antibody is binding the the TSH receptor which keeps a constant, unregulated T3/T4 production.

25
Q

Symptoms of Graves’ disease

A

Exophthalmos
Diffuse goiter
Tachycardia; warm, thin, moist skin
Weakness, sweating, weight loss, nervousness, loose stools, heat intolerance, irritability, fatigue

26
Q

Tests to Dx Graves’ disease

A

Physical exam
Ultrasound for thyroid gland
Laboratory diagnosis: T3/T4 levels

27
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is hyper/hypothyroidism?

A

Hypothyroidism

Antibodies are generated against thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

28
Q

Sx of Hashimoto’s

A 
Fatigue, sluggishness
Increased cold sensitivity
Constipation
Pale, dry skin
Weight gain
Goiter
Menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding)
29
Q

Tests to Dx Hashimoto’s disease

A

Hormone test: T4/T3 are low and TSH is high (opposite of graves)

Antibody test to confirm presence of antibodies against TPO

30
Q

What is happening in hypoadrenalism?

A

Adrenal cortex does not produce enough glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), mineralcorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), and sex steroids (e.g. testosterone)

31
Q

Addison’s disease is [excessive / deficient] amount of cortisol

A

Deficient

32
Q

Cushing’s disease is [excessive / deficient] amount of cortisol

A

Excessive

33
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Regulates blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption and water in the kidney and increasing elimination of potassium

34
Q

DHEA is used to

A

Make sex hormones: androgen (from testes) and estrogen (from ovaries)

35
Q

Sx of hypoadrenalism:

A 
Chronic fatigue
Muscle weakness
Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Weight loss
Abdominal pain
Low BP
Irritability and depression
Hypoglycemia
HA
Sweating
Irregularly /absent menstrual periods
Hyperpigmentation - Addison’s disease
36
Q

How to Dx hypoadrenalism

A 
ACTH stimulation test
CRH stimulation test
Ultrasound to visualize adrenal glands
Tuberculin skin test (to see if adrenal insufficiency is related to TB)
Antibody blood tests
Hormonal blood tests

MSN 6101 (10 decks)

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