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MSN 6101 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the anatomy of the artery/vein

A

intima
media
adventitia

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2
Q

the layer of endothelial cells covered in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

intima

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3
Q

protect endothelial cells from damage and promote repair

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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4
Q

smooth muscle cells that contain GAGs

A

media

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5
Q

very elastic membrane of connective tissue

A

adventitia

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6
Q

leading cause of death in the US for men and women

A

atherosclerosis

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7
Q

how does atherosclerosis develop?

A

1- lesions in the intimate weaken GAG layer
2 - the lesion site is more permeable to lipoproteins. binding of GAG to lipoprotein attracts cholesterol. monocytes, t-cells and others bind
3-cells migrate from media to intima
4- steps 2,3 form debris, and plaque
5- fat and cholesterol deposit on the plaque which grows until the artery is blocked

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8
Q

Sx of atherosclerosis

A

sometimes nothing

MC angina pectoris

shortness of breath, fatigue with activity, weakness

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9
Q

what causes atherosclerosis?

A

hypercholesteromia, HTN (risk factor and consequence), diabetes, physical inactivity

low antioxidant status, low essential FA, elevated CRP, elevated homocysteine, Type A personality, and so on

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10
Q

risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

Smoking
Hypercholesterolemia
High levels of lipoprotein A, or Lp(a)
Genetic inherited disease e.g. familial hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial triglyceridemia
Hypertension (risk factor and consequence)
Physical inactivity
Chronic inflammation (CRP)

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11
Q

tests to assess for atherosclerosis

A 
Coronary angiography
Echocardiogram
Electrocardiogram
Electron-beam computed tomography
Exercise stress test on a treadmill
Nuclear stress test
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12
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain d/t lack of O2 in the heart

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13
Q

what causes angina pectoris

A

obstruction of blood to the heart as a result of atherosclerosis, spasms of coronary arteries, constriction of small blood vessels

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14
Q

Sx of angina pectoris

A

pressure, tightness, burning in chest with or w/o radiation to neck, arms, upper chest

shortness of breath, lightheadedness, fainting, anxiety, sweating

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15
Q

what is stable angina

A

Sx occur with exertion and disappear with rest

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16
Q

what is unstable angina

A

Sx occur with or without exertion/rest. Sx get worse, last longer, happen more often, happen at rest.

17
Q

risk factors for angina pectoris

A

similar to atherosclerosis

18
Q

tests for angina pectoris

A 
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Exercise stress test
Chest xray
CT angiography
Blood tests - Tg, cholesterol, CRP
19
Q

what is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

body cannot pump sufficient blood so blood is retained in the legs/feet and causes edema (as on Sx)

20
Q

CHF Sx

A 
fatigue
dyspnea
orthopnea
edema
pulmonary edema
21
Q

what class of CHF is this? physical activity not limited by Sx

A

class I

22
Q

what class of CHF is this? physical exertion mildly limited by Sx with typical daily activities

A

class II

23
Q

what class of CHF is this? physical activity severely curtailed and Sx with any kind of activity

A

class III

24
Q

what class of CHF is this? sx of physical discomfort even at rest

A

class IV

25
Q

what stage of CHF is this? at risk, no CHF Sx

A

stage A

26
Q

what stage of CHF is this? structural heart disease without CHF Sx

A

stage B

27
Q

what stage of CHF is this? structural heart disease with prior or current Sx of CHF

A

stage C

28
Q

what stage of CHF is this? refectory heart failure requiring specialized intervention

A

stage D

29
Q

CHF risk factors

A

similar

30
Q

Tests for CHF

A

EKG
chest xray
exercise stress test

31
Q

what is blood pressure

A

force of blood against the wall of arteries as blood passes through it

32
Q

measures the pressure in arteries when heart contracts

A

systolic

33
Q

measures pressure in the arteries between heart contractions

A

diastolic

34
Q

what is HTN?

A

contributor to CAD, CHF, renal failure, unstable angina pectoris, stroke

35
Q

Sx of HTN

A

headache, fatigue, chest pain, irregular pulse, blood in urine, vision problems

36
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

genetic disorder that results in asymmetric enlarged heart

37
Q

Sx of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

shortness of breath, angina, CHF, sudden death

38
Q

leading cause of death among young athletes

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

39
Q

tests for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A 
physical exam (auscultation)
blood tests
chest xray
EKG
Holter and event monitors (wear on your body)
Echocardiography
Stress test
Cardiac Catheterization
Myocardial biopsy
Genetic testing

MSN 6101 (10 decks)

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